From: Associations between gestational age and childhood sleep: a national retrospective cohort study
 | Daily sleep hours (10.715±2.693) | CSHQ score (46.706±7.576) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude β (95% CI) | p | p* | Adjusted βa (95% CI) | p | p* | Crude β (95% CI) | p | p* | Adjusted βa (95% CI) | p | p* | |
Total | ||||||||||||
 Very-preterm (<31W) | −0.371 (−0.482, −0.261) | <0.001 | <0.001 | −0.303 (−0.413, −0.193) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 1.917 (1.606, 2.227) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 1.827 (1.518, 2.136) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
 Moderate-preterm (32–33W) | −0.348 (−0.471, −0.224) | <0.001 | <0.001 | −0.282 (−0.405, −0.159) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 1.473 (1.127, 1.82) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 1.409 (1.064, 1.754) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
 Late-preterm (34–36W) | −0.275 (−0.332, −0.219) | <0.001 | <0.001 | −0.201 (−0.258, −0.145) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.878 (0.719, 1.037) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.832 (0.673, 0.991) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
 Early-term (37–38W) | −0.091 (−0.129, −0.053) | <0.001 | <0.001 | −0.068 (−0.106, −0.031) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.200 (0.094, 0.307) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.233 (0.127, 0.339) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
 Full-term (39–40W) | Reference |  |  | Reference |  |  | Reference |  |  | Reference |  |  |
 Late-term (41–41W) | 0.072 (0.005, 0.138) | 0.035 | 0.0035 | 0.067 (0.001, 0.133) | 0.048 | 0.048 | 0.075 (−0.112, 0.263) | 0.430 | 0.430 | 0.005 (−0.182, 0.191) | 0.959 | 0.959 |
 Post-term (>41W) | −0.166 (−0.240, −0.092) | <0.001 | <0.001 | −0.110 (−0.184, −0.036) | 0.003 | 0.0036 | 0.901 (0.693, 1.109) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.831 (0.624, 1.039) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
3 years old | ||||||||||||
 Very-preterm(<31W) | −0.54 (−0.735, −0.345) | <0.001 | <0.001 | −0.473 (−0.667, −0.279) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 2.240 (1.704, 2.776) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 2.154 (1.620, 2.688) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
 Moderate-preterm(32–33W) | −0.448 (−0.675, −0.221) | <0.001 | <0.001 | −0.397 (−0.623, −0.171) | 0.001 | 0.002 | 1.836 (1.211, 2.46) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 1.810 (1.188, 2.433) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
 Late-preterm (34–36W) | −0.256 (−0.357, −0.155) | <0.001 | <0.001 | −0.191 (−0.291, −0.09) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.588 (0.31, 0.865) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.546 (0.268, 0.823) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Early-term (37–38W) | −0.077 (−0.141, −0.014) | 0.017 | 0.0204 | −0.059 (−0.123, 0.004) | 0.068 | 0.081 | 0.180 (0.005, 0.356) | 0.044 | 0.052 | 0.231 (0.056, 0.406) | 0.01 | 0.012 |
 Full-term (39–40W) | Reference |  |  | Reference |  |  | Reference |  |  | Reference |  |  |
 Late-term (41–41W) | −0.028 (−0.139, 0.082) | 0.617 | 0.617 | −0.032 (−0.142, 0.078) | 0.571 | 0.571 | −0.074 (−0.379, 0.231) | 0.634 | 0.634 | −0.163 (−0.467, 0.141) | 0.293 | 0.293 |
 Post-term (>41W) | −0.215 (−0.348, −0.083) | 0.001 | 0.0015 | −0.166 (−0.298, −0.034) | 0.014 | 0.021 | 0.927 (0.562, 1.292) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.845 (0.481, 1.209) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
4 years old | ||||||||||||
 Very-preterm(<31W) | −0.315 (−0.491, −0.14) | <0.001 | <0.001 | −0.248 (−0.423, −0.073) | 0.005 | 0.010 | 1.771 (1.279, 2.263) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 1.648 (1.157, 2.139) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
 Moderate-preterm(32–33W) | −0.237 (−0.43, −0.043) | 0.016 | 0.024 | −0.161 (−0.353, 0.032) | 0.102 | 0.122 | 1.472 (0.93, 2.014) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 1.374 (0.833, 1.914) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
 Late-preterm (34–36W) | −0.236 (−0.328, −0.145) | <0.001 | <0.001 | −0.166 (−0.258, −0.074) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 1.018 (0.762, 1.275) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.954 (0.697, 1.211) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
 Early-term (37–38W) | −0.113 (−0.174, −0.051) | <0.001 | <0.001 | −0.089 (−0.151, −0.028) | 0.004 | 0.010 | 0.255 (0.083, 0.427) | 0.0036 | 0.0043 | 0.283 (0.111, 0.455) | 0.001 | 0.0012 |
 Full-term (39–40W) | Reference |  |  | Reference |  |  | Reference |  |  | Reference |  |  |
 Late-term (41–41W) | 0.118 (0.012, 0.224) | 0.029 | 0.0348 | 0.109 (0.004, 0.215) | 0.042 | 0.063 | 0.308 (0.011, 0.605) | 0.042 | 0.042 | 0.262 (−0.034, 0.557) | 0.083 | 0.083 |
 Post-term (>41W) | −0.126 (−0.244, −0.009) | 0.035 | 0.035 | −0.077 (−0.194, 0.04) | 0.198 | 0.198 | 1.022 (0.692, 1.352) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.900 (0.571, 1.229) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
5 years old | ||||||||||||
 Very-preterm(<31W) | −0.254 (−0.462, −0.047) | 0.016 | 0.032 | −0.196 (−0.403, 0.011) | 0.063 | 0.094 | 1.823 (1.227, 2.419) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 1.731 (1.137, 2.326) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
 Moderate-preterm(32–33W) | −0.37 (−0.597, −0.144) | 0.001 | 0.003 | −0.329 (−0.555, −0.104) | 0.004 | 0.012 | 1.221 (0.57, 1.872) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 1.112 (0.463, 1.761) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
 Late-preterm (34–36W) | −0.31 (−0.414, −0.207) | <0.001 | <0.001 | −0.249 (−0.353, −0.146) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 1.046 (0.749, 1.343) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.953 (0.655, 1.251) | 0.001 | 0.0015 |
 Early-term (37–38W) | −0.074 (−0.147, −0.001) | 0.046 | 0.0552 | −0.05 (−0.123, 0.023) | 0.182 | 0.182 | 0.162 (−0.048, 0.372) | 0.130 | 0.156 | 0.176 (−0.034, 0.386) | 0.101 | 0.120 |
Full-term (39–40W) | Reference |  |  | Reference |  |  | Reference |  |  | Reference |  |  |
 Late-term (41–41W) | 0.124 (−0.011, 0.259) | 0.071 | 0.071 | 0.129 (−0.005, 0.264) | 0.056 | 0.094 | −0.112 (−0.499, 0.275) | 0.571 | 0.571 | −0.175 (−0.561, 0.211) | 0.375 | 0.375 |
 Post-term (>41W) | −0.145 (−0.282, −0.007) | 0.039 | 0.0552 | −0.091 (−0.228, 0.046) | 0.179 | 0.182 | 0.78 (0.385, 1.175) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.724 (0.330, 1.118) | <0.001 | <0.001 |