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Table 2 Achievement of glycemic target over the years of follow-up

From: A retrospective database study of the demographic features and glycemic control of patients with type 2 diabetes in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo

  

Achievement of glycemic target—odds ratio (95% CI)1

Achievement of glycemic target—probabilities (95% CI)2

Crude model

Years follow-up

1.041 (1.023, 1.058)

0.009 (0.067, 0.011)

N = 8976;

obs = 37,262

 

< 0.001*

< 0.001*

Adjusted model

Years follow-up

1.184 (1.130, 1.239)

0.010 (0.007, 0.012)

N = 8648;

obs = 35,499

 

< 0.001*

< 0.001

 

Sex

  
 

Men

1.342 (1.218, 1.478)

0.054 (0.039, 0.069)

  

< 0.001*

< 0.001

 

Age

  
 

< 40 years

0.925 (0.766, 1.117)

− 0.050 (− 0.074, − 0.017)

  

0.417

0.002

 

40–65 years

0.843 (0.755, 0.942)

− 0.047 (− 0.064, − 0.030)

  

0.003*

< 0.001

 

BMI

  
 

Overweight

1.289 (1.174, 1.414)

0.028 (0.015, 0.040)

  

< 0.001*

< 0.001

 

Obese

1.306 (1.160, 1.470)

0.025 (0.008, 0.041)

  

< 0.001*

0.003

 

SBP

  
 

SBP < 130 mmHg

0.946 (0.874, 1.024)

− 0.004 (− 0.015, 0.006)

  

0.170

0.423

 

Initial treatment

  
 

OGLDs

2.111 (1.913, 2.331)

0.077 (0.062, 0.091)

  

< 0.001*

< 0.001

 

OGLDs + Insulin

1.213 (1.015, 1.449)

0.022 (− 0.005, 0.048)

  

0.034*

0.113

 

Diet

7.717 (6.170, 9.650)

0.334 (0.291, 0.377)

  

< 0.001*

< 0.001

 

Time-interactions

  
 

Sex*years follow-up

1.018 (0.981, 1.057)

–

  

0.350

 
 

< 40 years*years follow-up

0.903 (0.835, 0.976)

–

  

0.010*

 
 

40–65 years*years follow-up

0.943 (0.904, 0.984)

–

  

0.007*

 
 

Overweight*years follow-up

0.959 (0.929, 0.991)

–

  

0.011*

 
 

Obesity*years follow-up

0.944 (0.904, 0.985)

–

  

0.008*

 
 

SBP*years follow-up

1.015 (0.988, 1.043)

–

  

0.272

 
 

OGLDs*year follow-up

0.864 (0.833, 0.897)

–

  

< 0.001*

 
 

OGLDs + Insulin *year follow-up

0.973 (0.901, 1.051)

–

  

0.490*

 
 

Diet* year follow-up

0.909 (0.816, 1.012)

–

  

0.082

 
 

Variance intercept+(health centre)

0.034 (0.016, 0.072)

–

 

Variance intercept+(ID participant)

1.227 (1.112, 1.354)

–

 

Variance slope+(years follow-up)

0.041 (0.031, 0.056)

–

  1. Abbreviations: BMI body mass index, OGLDs oral glucose lowering drugs, SBP systolic blood pressure
  2. 1Odds ratio (OR) and 95% CI were obtained from a multi-level mixed-effects logistic regression with two random intercepts (health centres and participants ID) and one random slope (years of follow-up). The odds ratios need to be interpreted conditional on the random effects
  3. 2Estimated probabilities and 95% CI corresponding to the predicted average marginal effects from the multi-level mixed-effects logistic regression.
  4. The model is adjusted only for baseline (first visit of follow-up) covariates (sex, age, BMI, SBP, initial treatment and their corresponding interactions with years of follow-up). Achievement of glycemia target (achieved < 126 mg/dL and unachieved ≥ 126 mg/dL (reference)
  5. +Reported as estimates and corresponding 95% CI. Reference categories for the covariates are the following: sex (women), age (> 65 years old), BMI (BMI < 25 kg/m2), SBP (elevated, > 130 mmHg), initial treatment (Insulin), and same reference group was used for the interaction of covariates with years of follow-up. Extra information: average time points per patients for the crude model: 4.2 [min: 1, max: 27]; average time points per patients for the adjusted model: 4.0 [min: 1, max: 27].*p-value < 0.05
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BMC Medicine

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