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Table 3 Achievement of glycemic target by sex and age categories (odds ratio and 95% confidence interval)

From: A retrospective database study of the demographic features and glycemic control of patients with type 2 diabetes in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo

 

< 40 years

40–65 years

> 65 years

 

Women

Men

Women

Men

Women

Men

N patients (N observations)

506 (1812)

219 (764)

4197 (18,078)

1910 (7489)

1113 (4546)

698 (2799)

Years follow-up

1.123 (0.956, 1.318)

0.954 (0.740, 1.231)

1.120 (1.070, 1.173)

1.135 (1.072, 1.200)

1.141 (1.050, 1.240)

1.216 (1.104, 1.340)

0.157

0.720

< 0.001*

< 0.001*

0.002*

< 0.001

BMI

Overweight

0.964 (0.632, 1.469)

1.544 (0.919, 2.594)

1.315 (1.140, 1.517)

1.357 (1.137, 1.619)

0.950 (0.735, 1.190)

1.568 (1.162, 2.115)

0.863

0.101

< 0.001*

0.001*

0.531

0.003*

Obese

1.911 (1.170, 3.123)

1.159 (0.486, 2.717)

1.225 (1.039, 1.444)

1.605 (1.208, 2.131)

1.028 (0.748, 1.412)

1.373 (0.788, 2.391)

0.010

0.751

0.016

0.001*

0.864

0.263

SBP

SBP < 130 mmHg

1.015 (0.713, 1.446)

0.609 (0.380, 0.974)

0.986 (0.879, 1.106)

0.878 (0.750, 1.028)

1.014 (0.802, 1.282)

0.910 (0.696, 1.191)

0.932

0.039

0.815

0.105

0.907

0.494

Initial treatment

OGLDs

1.812 (1.138, 2.884)

1.295 (0.688, 2.437)

2.579 (2.228, 2.985)

1.507 (1.241, 1.830)

1.846 (1.407, 2.423)

2.143 (1.540, 2.983)

0.012

0.422

< 0.001*

< 0.001*

< 0.001*

< 0.001*

OGLDs + Insulin

0.875 (0.387, 1.981)

2.413 (0.989, 5.887)

1.267 (0.982, 1.635)

1.204 (0.841, 1.726)

0.610 (0.330, 1.126)

1.438 (0.759, 2.723)

0.749

0.053

0.069

0.311

0.114

0.265

Diet

3.326 (0.979, 11.305)

-

11.267 (7.782, 16.312)

5.344 (3.425, 8.338)

6.096 (3.776, 9.840)

10.328 (5.234, 20.379)

0.054

 

< 0.001*

< 0.001*

< 0.001*

< 0.001*

Time-interactions

Overweight*years follow-up

1.032 (0.864, 1.232)

0.885 (0.710, 1.104)

0.969 (0.925, 1.015)

0.925 (0.869, 0.986)

1.028 (0.933, 1.132)

0.901 (0.801, 1.013)

0.730

0.279

0.183

0.016

0.579

0.081

Obesity*years follow-up

0.809 (0.648, 1.009)

0.925 (0.572, 1.494)

0.961 (0.908, 1.017)

0.951 (0.860, 1.052)

0.987 (0.865, 1.126)

0.879 (0.724 1.068)

0.060

0.749

0.172

0.328

0.846

0.195

SBP*years follow-up

0.949 (0.844, 1.069)

1.203 (0.976, 1.483)

1.021 (0.984, 1.060)

1.019 (0.966, 1.076)

0.991 (0.907, 1.083)

0.971 (0.881, 1.079)

0.394

0.083

0.270

0.488

0.843

0.549

OGLDs*year follow-up

0.917 (0.767, 1.095)

1.049 (0.778, 1.413)

0.841 (0.798, 0.885)

0.891 (0.829, 0.959)

0.881 (0.788, 0.985)

0.873 (0.772, 0.989)

0.337

0.755

< 0.001*

0.002*

0.026

0.032

OGLDs + Insulin*year follow-up

0.893 (0.635, 1.255)

0.448 (0.216, 0.927)

0.961 (0.865, 1.067)

1.051 (0.891, 1.240)

1.469 (1.079, 1.999)

0.887 (0.688, 1.143)

0.514

0.031

0.451

0.552

0.015

0.354

Diet*year follow-up

0.545 (0.211, 1.409)

-

0.852 (0.732, 0.992)

0.917 (0.742, 1.133)

1.059 (0.816, 1.372)

0.934 (0.564, 1.547)

0.210

 

0.039

0.424

0.665

0.792

Variance intercept+(health centre)

-

-

0.059 (0.026, 1.132)

0.024 (0.007, 0.081)

0.029 (0.004, 0.195)

-

Variance intercept+(ID participant)

1.201 (0.779, 1.853)

0.427 (0.117, 1.556)

1.453 (1.274, 1.657)

0.859 (0.675, 1.092)

1.086 (0.802, 1.471)

1.197 (0.858, 1.671)

Variance slope+(years follow-up)

0.009 (0.000, 6.555)

0.079 (0.013, 0.483)

0.038 (0.024, 0.070)

0.029 (0.014, 0.059)

0.063 (0.033, 0.120)

0.043 (0.016, 0.111)

  1. Abbreviations: BMI body mass index, OGLDs oral glucose lowering drugs, SBP systolic blood pressure
  2. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were obtained from a multi-level mixed-effects logistic regression with two random intercepts (health centres and participants ID) and one random slope (years of follow-up). The odds ratios’ interpretation is conditional on the random effects. Below every estimate with 95% CI, the corresponding p-value is presented
  3. *Bonferroni-corrected p-value < 0.008. The model is adjusted only for baseline (first visit of follow-up) covariates (BMI, SBP, initial treatment and their corresponding interactions with years of follow-up). Achievement of glycemia target (achieved < 126 mg/dL and unachieved ≥ 126 mg/dL (reference)
  4. +Reported as estimates and corresponding 95% CI. Reference categories for the covariates are the following: BMI (BMI < 25 kg/m2), SBP (elevated, > 130 mmHg), initial treatment (Insulin), and same reference group was used for the interaction of covariates with years of follow-up
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BMC Medicine

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