Fig. 2

RTS,S vaccine-induced antibodies mediate cellular immune responses. A–C Serum samples from children in the RTS,S vaccine group (Manhiça cohort) collected at baseline (month 0, M0) and after vaccination (month 3, M3) were tested for the ability to promote A opsonic phagocytosis of CSP-coated beads by neutrophils (n=30), B antibody-dependent respiratory burst (OD units) by neutrophils against CSP (n=15), C opsonic phagocytosis of CSP-coated beads by THP1 cells (n=30). D Opsonic phagocytosis by primary monocytes (n=37 (22 from Manhica, 15 from Ilha Josina cohort)). Data are shown as box plots whereby boxes represent the interquartile range (IQR) with median (bar), and whiskers represent the highest and lowest values within 1.5× IQR. The reactivities between paired samples were compared using the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test. Phagocytosis is reported as percentage relative to a positive control (rabbit IgG to CSP), ADRB is measured as luminescence units. E Pooled samples from M0 (blue lines or bars, n=99) and M3 (red lines or bars, n=99) were tested for opsonic phagocytosis of CSP-coated beads by THP-1 cells in the presence (dashed lines) and absence (solid lines) of non-immune human serum (HS). Dots and error bars represent the mean and standard error from two independent experiments. F Pooled samples from M0 and M3 (n=99) were tested for opsonic phagocytosis by neutrophils and monocytes in a whole leukocyte assay. Data show the number of CSP-coated beads phagocytosed by 100 cells. Dots and error bars represent the mean and standard error from two independent experiments using blood from two donors. Phagocytosis was higher for neutrophils than monocytes (P=0.003, two-way repeated measures ANOVA). G The same pooled samples from M0 and M3 were tested for activation of NK cells indicating ADCC activity. Y-axis indicates the percentage of NK cells that were positive for CD107a staining by flow cytometry (P<0.001, two-way repeated measures ANOVA). Dots and error bars represent the mean and standard error based on data from 4 experiments (different NK cell donors)