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Table 3 Risk of hip fracture in occasional meat-eaters, pescatarians, and vegetarians compared to regular meat-eaters in the UKWCS, with varying levels of adjustment

From: Risk of hip fracture in meat-eaters, pescatarians, and vegetarians: results from the UK Women’s Cohort Study

Model ± further adjustments

HR (95% CI) per diet group

Regular meat-eaters (reference)

Occasional meat-eaters

Pescatarians

Vegetarians

Model 1a

1.00

1.03 (0.88, 1.21)

1.04 (0.81, 1.34)

1.40 (1.11, 1.78)

Model 2b

1.00

1.00 (0.85, 1.18)

0.97 (0.75, 1.26)

1.33 (1.03, 1.71)

Model 2 − BMI

1.00

1.05 (0.89, 1.24)

1.05 (0.81, 1.35)

1.43 (1.12, 1.83)

Potential mediators

1.00

   

Model 2 + total energy

1.00

1.05 (0.89, 1.24)

0.99 (0.76, 1.28)

1.36 (1.06, 1.75)

Model 2 + dietary protein

1.00

1.03 (0.86, 1.23)

0.99 (0.76, 1.29)

1.36 (1.05, 1.78)

Model 2 + dietary calcium

1.00

1.01 (0.86, 1.20)

0.97 (0.75, 1.25)

1.33 (1.04, 1.72)

Model 2 + dietary vitamin D

1.00

1.03 (0.87, 1.22)

0.99 (0.77, 1.29)

1.44 (1.10, 1.87)

Model 2 + dietary vitamin B12

1.00

1.01 (0.85, 1.22)

0.98 (0.75, 1.30)

1.36 (1.01, 1.82)

Model 2 + dietary MUFA

1.00

1.07 (0.90, 1.27)

1.00 (0.77, 1.30)

1.39 (1.08, 1.79)

Model 2 + dietary PUFA

1.00

1.03 (0.87, 1.21)

0.96 (0.74, 1.24)

1.32 (1.02, 1.69)

Model 2 + dietary zinc

1.00

1.01 (0.85, 1.21)

0.97 (0.75, 1.27)

1.34 (1.03, 1.73)

  1. HR (95% CI) hazard ratio (95% confidence interval), MUFA monounsaturated fatty acids, PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acids
  2. aModel 1 included 26,318 participants and was unadjusted
  3. bModel 2 included 26,318 participants and was adjusted for ethnicity (white, Asian, black, other), socio-economic status (SES, professional/managerial, intermediate, routine/manual), marital status (married/living as married, separated/divorced, single/widowed), menopausal status (premenopausal, postmenopausal), number of children (continuous), chronic disease prevalence at baseline (yes, no—including stroke, cancer, or diabetes), physical activity in hours per day (continuous), smoking status (current, former, never), alcohol consumption (> 1/week, ≤ 1/week, never), body mass index (BMI, continuous), and any nutritional supplement use (yes, no). All other models were based on the 26,318 participants in model 2