Table 1 Performance of sub-models and CLA-HDM in the diagnosis of unexplained CLA

Sub-model 1

Training cohort (n = 395)

0.986 (0.977, 0.998)

96.8 (95.2, 98.4)

97.9 (96.7, 99.7)

94.4 (91.1, 98.0)

Internal testing cohort (n = 171)

0.932 (0.901, 0.966)

86.0 (81.9, 90.1)

89.5 (85.2, 94.5)

78.9 (70.2, 88.3)

External testing cohort 1 (n = 105)

0.963 (0.939, 0.993)

87.6 (82.9, 93.3)

83.3 (76.7, 90.9)

96.9 (93.9, 103.0)

External testing cohort 2 (n = 92)

0.896 (0.846, 0.963)

82.6 (76.1, 90.2)

81.8 (73.4, 90.9)

83.8 (74.0, 95.2)

Sub-model 2

Training cohort (n = 136)

0.935 (0.902, 0.976)

86.3 (81.5, 91.9)

84.6 (78.7, 91.1)

90.9 (81.8, 100.0)

Internal testing cohort (n = 57)

0.922 (0.866, 0.986)

84.2 (77.2, 91.2)

85.7 (76.8, 94.8)

80.0 (65.6, 97.5)

External testing cohort 1 (n = 33)

0.857 (0.758, 0.981)

75.8 (63.6, 87.9)

76.2 (61.9, 93.6)

75.0 (56.7, 96.2)

External testing cohort 2 (n = 37)

0.872 (0.771, 0.986)

78.4 (67.6, 89.2)

71.4 (54.9, 87.9)

87.5 (75.0, 102.8)

Sub-model 3

Training cohort (n = 259)

0.979 (0.96, 1.012)

93.2 (90.8, 96.0)

92.6 (89.9, 95.6)

96.9 (93.8, 102.6)

Internal testing cohort (n = 114)

0.852 (0.759, 0.968)

86.0 (80.7, 91.2)

87.9 (82.8, 93.4)

73.3 (55.0, 93.3)

External testing cohort 1 (n = 72)

0.847 (0.742, 0.969)

86.1 (79.2, 93.1)

88.7 (82.2, 95.8)

70.0 (40.0, 97.1)

External testing cohort 2 (n = 55)

0.827 (0.715, 0.964)

83.6 (76.4, 92.7)

87.2 (78.9, 95.6)

62.5 (35.0, 91.7)

CLA-HDM

Training cohort (n = 395)

0.964 (0.951, 0.978)

94.1 (92.6, 95.6)

88.2 (85.3, 91.2)

96.1 (95.1, 97.1)

Internal testing cohort (n = 171)

0.873 (0.838, 0.908)

87.1 (84.2, 90.1)

74.3 (68.4, 80.1)

91.4 (89.5, 93.4)

External testing cohort 1 (n = 105)

0.837 (0.789, 0.889)

82.9 (78.6, 86.7)

65.7 (57.1, 73.3)

88.6 (85.7, 91.1)

External testing cohort 2 (n = 92)

0.840 (0.789, 0.898)

85.9 (82.1, 89.7)

71.7 (64.1, 79.3)

90.6 (88.0, 93.1)