Fig. 2

Frailty in individuals with mental disorders compared to individuals without mental disorders (reference group). Estimates shown for the frailty phenotype are odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) from ordinal logistic regression models, indicating changes in odds of being frailer associated with being in the case group relative to the comparison group without mental disorders. Estimates shown for the frailty index are ordinary least squares regression beta coefficients and 95% CI. Model 1—unadjusted; Model 2—adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, highest qualification, Townsend deprivation index, cohabitation with spouse/partner, smoking status, alcohol intake frequency, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, body mass index, cholesterol, multimorbidity count and assessment centre