Fig. 1

The causal effect (in liability-scale odds ratio [OR]) of type 2 diabetes (T2D) on peripheral artery disease (PAD) as estimated by six Mendelian randomization (MR) models (MR-Egger, weighted median, IVW, weighted mode, GSMR, and CAUSE) in A Europeans and B East Asians. MVMR analyses were performed by adjusting TC [“MVMR (adjusting TC)”], BMI [“MVMR (adjusting BMI)”], SBP [“MVMR (adjusting SBP)”], and smoking [“MVMR (adjusting smoking)”] and by adjusting all these factors jointly [“MVMR (adjusting TC, BMI, SBP, smoking)”] in Europeans and East Asians. Error bars represent the 95% confidence intervals of the estimates. IVW, inverse variance weighted; GSMR, generalized summary data-based Mendelian randomization; CAUSE, causal analysis using summary effect estimates; MVMR, multivariable MR; TC, total cholesterol; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure