Regular proton pump inhibitor use and incident dementia: population-based cohort study

Table 2 Associations of regular PPI use with incident dementia

Outcomes	PPI non-users (n = 447,267)	PPI users (n = 53,735)	Model 1^a		Model 2^b		Model 3^c
Outcomes	No. of events (%)	No. of events (%)	HR (95% CI)	P-value	HR (95% CI)	P-value	HR (95% CI)	P-value
All-cause dementia	2008 (0.45)	497 (0.92)	1.49 (1.35–1.65)	<0.001	1.17 (1.05–1.29)	0.003	1.20 (1.07–1.35)	0.001
Alzheimer’s disease	752 (0.17)	180 (0.33)	1.41 (1.20–1.66)	<0.001	1.19 (1.00–1.41)	0.045	1.23 (1.02–1.49)	0.031
Vascular dementia	392 (0.09)	132 (0.25)	1.99 (1.63–2.42)	<0.001	1.32 (1.07–1.62)	0.009	1.32 (1.05–1.67)	0.017

Abbreviations: PPI proton pump inhibitor, HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval
^aModel 1: Cox proportional hazards regression adjusted for age and sex
^bModel 2: Cox proportional hazards regression adjusted for model 1 and ethnicity, education, household income, Townsend deprivation index, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, BMI, occupational exposure, hypertension, coronary heart disease, diabetes, high cholesterol, stroke, traumatic brain injury, depression, anxiety, sleep apnea, cancer, and regular use of medications (statin, antihypertensive drugs, anticholinergic drugs, benzodiazepines, z-hypnotics, aspirin, non-aspirin NSAIDs, and multivitamin)
^cModel 3: Cox proportional hazards regression adjusted for model 2 and GERD, Barrett’s esophagus, gastroduodenal ulcer, and regular H2RAs use

ISSN: 1741-7015