Fig. 2

Variable importance for predictors at level(s) A 1, B 1–2, C 1–3, and D 1–4. BP, blood pressure; C–C, Carpenter-Coustan’s criteria; GCT, glucose challenge test; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LASSO, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; PCOS, polycystic ovary syndrome; SMBG, self-monitored blood glucose. Level 1: 1-year preconception to last menstrual period; level 2: last menstrual period to before diagnosis of gestational diabetes; level 3: at the time of diagnosis of gestational diabetes; level 4: 1 week after diagnosis of gestational diabetes