Label | Derivation cohort | Temporal validation cohort | Geographic validation cohort | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | N = 3680a | Non missing cases (%) | N = 1532a | Non missing cases (%) | N = 1378a | Non missing cases (%) |
Age (years) | 59.0 (47.0, 70.0) | 3680 (100%) | 62.0 (48.0, 72.0) | 1532 (100%) | 64.0 (58.0, 72.0) | 1378 (100%) |
Sex at birth | 3680 (100%) | 1532 (100%) | 1378 (100%) | |||
Men | 2,004 (54.5%) | 869 (56.7%) | 812 (58.9%) | |||
Comorbidities | ||||||
Hypertension | 1,977 (53.7%) | 3680 (100%) | 822 (53.7%) | 1532 (100%) | 967 (70.2%) | 1378 (100%) |
Coronary artery disease | 180 (4.9%) | 3680 (100%) | 76 (5.0%) | 1532 (100%) | 187 (13.6%) | 1378 (100%) |
Heart failure | 224 (6.1%) | 3680 (100%) | 74 (4.8%) | 1532 (100%) | 188 (13.6%) | 1378 (100%) |
Atrial fibrillation/flutter | 105 (2.9%) | 3680 (100%) | 47 (3.1%) | 1532 (100%) | 74 (5.4%) | 1378 (100%) |
Stroke | 106 (2.9%) | 3680 (100%) | 53 (3.5%) | 1532 (100%) | 85 (6.2%) | 1378 (100%) |
COPD | 198 (5.4%) | 3680 (100%) | 94 (6.1%) | 1532 (100%) | 100 (7.3%) | 1378 (100%) |
Diabetes mellitus | 1,009 (27.4%) | 3680 (100%) | 453 (29.6%) | 1532 (100%) | 616 (44.7%) | 1378 (100%) |
Obesity (BMI ≥ 30kg/m2) | 712 (19.3%) | 3680 (100%) | 273 (17.8%) | 1532 (100%) | 454 (32.9%) | 1378 (100%) |
Cirrhosis | 17 (0.5%) | 3680 (100%) | 9 (0.6%) | 1532 (100%) | 42 (3.0%) | 1378 (100%) |
Cancer | 170 (4.6%) | 3680 (100%) | 75 (4.9%) | 1532 (100%) | 147 (10.7%) | 1378 (100%) |
Number of Comorbiditiesb | 3680 (100%) | 1532 (100%) | 1378 (100%) | |||
0 | 1,128 (30.7%) | 434 (28.3%) | 160 (11.6%) | |||
1 | 1,107 (30.1%) | 501 (32.7%) | 336 (24.4%) | |||
2 | 923 (25.1%) | 392 (25.6%) | 394 (28.6%) | |||
3 | 384 (10.4%) | 149 (9.7%) | 298 (21.6%) | |||
≥ 4 | 138 (3.8%) | 56 (3.7%) | 126 (9.1%) | |||
Clinical assessment at admission | ||||||
SF ratio | 433.3 (339.3, 452.4) | 3582 (97%) | 433.3 (342.9, 452.4) | 1506 (98%) | 202.7 (107.0, 375.0) | 1378 (100%) |
Heart rate (bpm) | 88.0 (78.0, 100.0) | 3545 (96%) | 87.0 (77.0, 100.0) | 1489 (97%) | 87.0 (77.0, 98.0) | 1378 (100%) |
Respiratory rate (irpm) | 20.0 (18.0, 24.0) | 3043 (83%) | 20.0 (18.0, 24.0) | 1255 (82%) | 24.0 (20.0, 28.0) | 1378 (100%) |
Glasgow coma scale | 15.0 (15.0, 15.0) | 3460 (94%) | 15.0 (15.0, 15.0) | 1441 (94%) | NA | NA |
Systolic blood pressure | 3524 (96%) | 1489 (97%) | 1378 (100%) | |||
≥ 90 (mm Hg) | 3,338 (94.7%) | 1,413 (94.9%) | 1,092 (79.2%) | |||
< 90 (mm Hg) | 45 (1.3%) | 23 (1.5%) | 20 (1.5%) | |||
Inotrope requirement | 141 (4.0%) | 53 (3.6%) | 266 (19.3%) | |||
Diastolic blood pressure | 3489 (95%) | 1481 (97%) | 1378 (100%) | |||
> 60 (mm Hg) | 2,911 (83.4%) | 1,236 (83.5%) | 986 (71.6%) | |||
≤ 60 (mm Hg) | 437 (12.5%) | 192 (13.0%) | 126 (9.1%) | |||
Inotrope requirement | 141 (4.0%) | 53 (3.6%) | 266 (19.3%) | |||
Mechanical ventilation at admission | 183 (5.0%) | 3676 (100%) | 63 (4.1%) | 1530 (100%) | 393 (28.5%) | 1378 (100%) |
Mechanical ventilation after admission | 774 (21.0%) | 3680 (100%) | 276 (18.0%) | 1532 (100%) | 266 (19.3%) | 1378 (100%) |
Laboratory parameters | ||||||
Haemoglobin (g/L) | 13.4 (12.2, 14.5) | 3534 (96%) | 13.4 (12.1, 14.6) | 1491 (97%) | 12.4 (10.9, 13.7) | 1354 (98%) |
Platelet count (109/L) | 193,500.0 (152,000.0, 252,000.0) | 3497 (95%) | 203,000.0 (156,000.0, 263,850.0) | 1478 (96%) | 226,000.0 (165,000.0, 304,000.0) | 1354 (98%) |
Neutrophils-to-lymphocytes ratio | 4.4 (2.7, 7.4) | 3447 (94%) | 4.9 (2.9, 8.2) | 1437 (94%) | 7.5 (4.2, 13.4) | 1352 (98%) |
Lactate value | 1.4 (1.0, 1.8) | 2420 (66%) | 1.5 (1.1, 2.0) | 999 (65%) | 1.6 (1.2, 2.0) | 1147 (83%) |
C reactive protein (mg/L) | 71.0 (34.0, 134.6) | 3178 (86%) | 73.5 (35.5, 134.8) | 1311 (86%) | NA | NA |
Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL) | 33.0 (24.0, 47.0) | 3310 (90%) | 37.0 (27.2, 52.8) | 1376 (90%) | 48.0 (32.0, 77.0) | 1352 (98%) |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.2) | 3417 (93%) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.2) | 1434 (94%) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.7) | 1352 (98%) |
Sodium (mmol/L) | 137.0 (135.0, 140.0) | 3215 (87%) | 137.0 (134.9, 140.0) | 1356 (89%) | 138.0 (135.0, 141.0) | 1353 (98%) |
Bicarbonate (mEq/L) | 23.2 (21.2, 25.2) | 2957 (80%) | 23.0 (21.0, 25.0) | 1217 (79%) | 25.0 (22.0, 27.0) | 1294 (94%) |
pH | 7.4 (7.4, 7.5) | 2968 (81%) | 7.4 (7.4, 7.5) | 1217 (79%) | 7.4 (7.3, 7.4) | 1294 (94%) |
Arterial pO2 | 75.0 (63.8, 94.0) | 2927 (80%) | 74.3 (63.0, 93.7) | 1203 (79%) | 69.2 (58.5, 84.5) | 1092 (79%) |
Arterial pCO2 | 35.0 (31.9, 39.0) | 2940 (80%) | 34.0 (30.9, 38.0) | 1205 (79%) | 38.3 (33.5, 45.6) | 1092 (79%) |
Dialysis | 343 (9.3%) | 3680 (100%) | 128 (8.4%) | 1532 (100%) | 278 (20.2%) | 1378 (100%) |
In-hospital mortality | 554 (15.1%) | 3679 (100%) | 229 (14.9%) | 1532 (100%) | 462 (33.5%) | 1378 (100%) |