Fig. 1

Differences in DNA methylation and gene expression between type 1 diabetes-exposed offspring and matched controls. a Volcano plot of −log10 p-value against delta-M-values of differentially methylated positions. Red dots denote DMPs between type 1 diabetes-exposed offspring and matched controls with a p-value < 0.005 and an absolute |ΔM-value| >1. The horizontal line represents p-value = 0.005. b Volcano plot of −log10 p-value against log fold change of differentially expressed coding genes. Red dots denote differentially expressed coding genes with a p < 0.005 and a log2FC ≥ 0.3. The horizontal line represents p = 0.005. c–e Functional enrichment analysis of the gene expression changes observed in type 1 diabetes-exposed offspring compared to matched controls. The differentially expressed coding genes were used as input for gene set enrichment analysis, to identify enriched disease phenotypes (DO) (c), biological processes (GOBP) (d), and biological pathways (REACTOME) (e). The top-enriched terms were sorted according to p-value (vertical black line denotes p = 0.05). A network plot (f, g) depicted the genes that were involved in the significant DO terms (f) and REACTOME terms (g)