Exposed to T1DM | Control children | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|
Number of children | 20 | 20 | |
Male sex | 10 (50%) | 10 (50%) | |
Age (years) | 17.8 (0.8) | 18.1 (0.8) | 0.26 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.2 (2.6) | 23.4 (2.2) | 0.81 |
Oral glucose tolerance test (mmol/L) | |||
Time = 0 min | 5.4 (0.4) | 5.3 (0.3) | 0.60 |
Time = 120 min | 6.0 (0.9) | 6.4 (0.8) | 0.20 |
S-Insulin (fasting) (pmol/L) | 55.8 (17.3) | 57.9 (19.8) | 0.72 |
HOMA-IR | 2.2 (0.7) | 2.3 (0.8) | 0.77 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 75.8 (5.6) | 76.4 (6.5) | 0.77 |
Hip circumference (cm) | 98.5 (7.4) | 98.7 (5.3) | 0.93 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 120.8 (9.6) | 120.8 (11.6) | 0.99 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 63.4 (8.2) | 63.7 (6.8) | 0.89 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.9 (0.7) | 4.1 (1.1) | 0.55 |
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.2 (0.6) | 2.3 (1.0) | 0.55 |
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.4 (0.4) | 1.3 (0.4) | 0.53 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L)‡ | 0.8 (0.3–2.5) | 0.9 (0.5–1.9) | 0.24 |
HbA1c (%) [mmol/mol] | 5.2 (0.2) [33 (2.5)] | 5.1 (0.3) [32 (2.8)] | 0.15 |
Gestational age at birth (days) | 259 (217–278) (n=18) | 278 (258–301) (n=17) | < 0.001* |
Birth weight (g) | 3482 (711) (n=19) | 3,571 (542) (n=18) | 0.68 |
Maternal Characteristics | |||
Maternal age at birth (years) | 28.6 (3.8) (n=20) | 29.8 (3.7) (n=20) | 0.30 |
Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 22.9 (2.3) (n=16) | 24.2 (4.4) (n=17) | 0.47* |
Parity# | 1.5 (1–3) (n=20) | 1.8 (1–4) (n=18) | 0.55* |
Preeclampsia€ | 5 (26%) (n=19) | 2 (12%) (n=17) | 0.41† |
Caesarean section (planned or emergency) | 13 (68%) (n=19) | 5 (28%) (n=18) | 0.01* |
Polyhydramnios | 2 (11%) (n=19) | 0 (n=17) | 0.27† |
Maternal HbA1c (%) [mmol/mol] | |||
Pregestational | 7.4 (1.3) [57] (n=18) | (–) | |
1st trimester | 7.2 (1.2) [55] (n=17) | (–) | |
2nd trimester | 6.3 (1.0) [45] (n=19) | (–) | |
3rd trimester | 6.5 (0.9) [48] (n=18) | (–) | |
Maternal use of insulin (IE pr. day) | |||
Pregestational | 39 (11) (n=19) | (–) | |
1st trimester | 40 (11) (n=17) | (–) | |
2nd trimester | 47 (14) (n=18) | (–) | |
3rd trimester | 59 (16) (n=18) | (–) | |
Maternal hypertensionψ | |||
Pregestational | 1 (7%) (n=16) | (–) | |
1st trimester | 1 (5%) (n=19) | (–) | |
2nd trimester | 2 (11%) (n=19) | (–) | |
3rd trimester | 7 (37%) (n=19) | (–) | |
Maternal albuminuriaϖ | |||
Pregestational | 4 (25%) (n=16) | (–) | |
1st trimester | 4 (21%) (n=19) | (–) | |
2nd trimester | 4 (24%) (n=17) | (–) | |
3rd trimester | 8 (42%) (n=19) | (–) |