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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of diabetes-exposed children and controls

From: Epigenetic and transcriptomic alterations in offspring born to women with type 1 diabetes (the EPICOM study)

 

Exposed to T1DM

Control children

P-value

Number of children

20

20

 

Male sex

10 (50%)

10 (50%)

 

Age (years)

17.8 (0.8)

18.1 (0.8)

0.26

Body mass index (kg/m2)

23.2 (2.6)

23.4 (2.2)

0.81

Oral glucose tolerance test (mmol/L)

 Time = 0 min

5.4 (0.4)

5.3 (0.3)

0.60

 Time = 120 min

6.0 (0.9)

6.4 (0.8)

0.20

S-Insulin (fasting) (pmol/L)

55.8 (17.3)

57.9 (19.8)

0.72

HOMA-IR

2.2 (0.7)

2.3 (0.8)

0.77

Waist circumference (cm)

75.8 (5.6)

76.4 (6.5)

0.77

Hip circumference (cm)

98.5 (7.4)

98.7 (5.3)

0.93

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

120.8 (9.6)

120.8 (11.6)

0.99

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

63.4 (8.2)

63.7 (6.8)

0.89

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

3.9 (0.7)

4.1 (1.1)

0.55

LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

2.2 (0.6)

2.3 (1.0)

0.55

HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

1.4 (0.4)

1.3 (0.4)

0.53

Triglycerides (mmol/L)

0.8 (0.3–2.5)

0.9 (0.5–1.9)

0.24

HbA1c (%) [mmol/mol]

5.2 (0.2) [33 (2.5)]

5.1 (0.3) [32 (2.8)]

0.15

Gestational age at birth (days)

259 (217–278) (n=18)

278 (258–301) (n=17)

< 0.001*

Birth weight (g)

3482 (711) (n=19)

3,571 (542) (n=18)

0.68

Maternal Characteristics

 Maternal age at birth (years)

28.6 (3.8) (n=20)

29.8 (3.7) (n=20)

0.30

 Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2)

22.9 (2.3) (n=16)

24.2 (4.4) (n=17)

0.47*

 Parity#

1.5 (1–3) (n=20)

1.8 (1–4) (n=18)

0.55*

 Preeclampsia

5 (26%) (n=19)

2 (12%) (n=17)

0.41

 Caesarean section (planned or emergency)

13 (68%) (n=19)

5 (28%) (n=18)

0.01*

 Polyhydramnios

2 (11%) (n=19)

0 (n=17)

0.27

 Maternal HbA1c (%) [mmol/mol]

   

 Pregestational

7.4 (1.3) [57] (n=18)

(–)

 

 1st trimester

7.2 (1.2) [55] (n=17)

(–)

 

 2nd trimester

6.3 (1.0) [45] (n=19)

(–)

 

 3rd trimester

6.5 (0.9) [48] (n=18)

(–)

 

Maternal use of insulin (IE pr. day)

 Pregestational

39 (11) (n=19)

(–)

 

 1st trimester

40 (11) (n=17)

(–)

 

 2nd trimester

47 (14) (n=18)

(–)

 

 3rd trimester

59 (16) (n=18)

(–)

 

Maternal hypertensionψ

 Pregestational

1 (7%) (n=16)

(–)

 

 1st trimester

1 (5%) (n=19)

(–)

 

 2nd trimester

2 (11%) (n=19)

(–)

 

 3rd trimester

7 (37%) (n=19)

(–)

 

Maternal albuminuriaϖ

 Pregestational

4 (25%) (n=16)

(–)

 

 1st trimester

4 (21%) (n=19)

(–)

 

 2nd trimester

4 (24%) (n=17)

(–)

 

 3rd trimester

8 (42%) (n=19)

(–)

 
  1. Data are presented as mean and standard deviation, median, and range or as number and percent. HOMA-IR Homeostasis model for insulin resistance (Matthews et. al Diabetologia 28 412-419). Preeclampsia was defined as blood pressure>140/90 and proteinuria 2+ on a urine protein test strip (equal to 1.0 g/l). ψHypertension in pregnancy was defined as blood pressure >140/90 or use of antihypertension medication prior to pregnancy. ϖMaternal albuminuria is defined as either microalbuminuria (30–300 mg/24 h) or macroalbuminuria (>300 mg/24 h). P-values are generated using Student’s T test, *Wilcoxon rank-sum test, or Fishers exact test. Log-transformed, #even though not being normally distributed, we display data as mean and range