Table 1 Baseline characteristics
From: Post-mortem examination of high mortality in patients with heart failure and atrial fibrillation
Characteristics | Died during follow-up (n = 291) | Alive at the end of follow-up (n = 718) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, mean % ± SD | 73.2 ± 9.0 | 72.6 ± 11.0 | 0.65 | |
Women, n (%) | 133 (45.7%) | 343 (47.8%) | 0.55 | |
Background (urban vs rural setting), n (%) | 133 (45.7%) | 370 (51.5%) | 0.09 | |
NYHA class | Mean ± SD | 3.0 ± 0.9 | 3.0 ± 0.9 | 0.25 |
Class I, n (%) | 23 (7.9%) | 35 (4.9%) | Â | |
Class II, n (%) | 53 (18.2%) | 171 (23.8%) | Â | |
Class III, n (%) | 110 (37.8%) | 289 (40.3%) | Â | |
Class IV, n (%) | 105 (36.1%) | 223 (31.1%) | Â | |
LVEF | Mean % ± SD | 40.0 ± 11.0 | 40.1 ± 11.1 | 0.52 |
 < 40%, n (%) | 146 (50.2%) | 341 (47.5%) |  | |
40–49%, n (%) | 98 (33.7%) | 244 (34.0%) |  | |
 ≥ 50%, n (%) | 47 (16.2%) | 133 (18.5%) |  | |
AF type, n (%) | New onset, n (%) | 9 (3.1%) | 24 (3.3%) | 0.45 |
Paroxysmal, n (%) | 85 (30.1%) | 202 (29.1%) | Â | |
Persistent, n (%) | 52 (18.4%) | 122 (17.6%) | Â | |
Long-standing persistent, n (%) | 76 (26.9%) | 178 (25.6%) | Â | |
Permanent, n (%) | 69 (24.5%) | 192 (27.7%) | Â | |
Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 213 (73.2%) | 331 (46.1%) |  < 0.001 | |
Hypertension, n (%) | 204 (70.1%) | 378 (52.6%) |  < 0.001 | |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, n (%) | 88 (30.2%) | 263 (36.6%) | 0.054 | |
Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 98 (33.7%) | 195 (27.2%) | 0.039a | |
Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 94 (32.3%) | 215 (29.9%) | 0.46 | |
Prior stroke or transient ischemic attack, n (%) | 45 (15.5%) | 116 (16.2%) | 0.79 | |
Obesity (clinical diagnosis), n (%) | 92 (31.6%) | 175 (24.4%) | 0.018a | |
CHA2DS2-VASC score, mean ± SD | 5.1 ± 1.3 | 5.2 ± 1.3 | 0.26 | |
HAS-BLED score, mean ± SD | 3.0 ± 1.6 | 3.1 ± 1.4 | 0.11 | |
ACE inhibitor or ARB, n (%) | 225 (77.3%) | 514 (71.6%) | 0.063 | |
Beta-blockers, n (%) | 176 (60.5%) | 377 (52.5%) | 0.021 | |
Diuretics or MRA, n (%) | 242 (83.2%) | 587 (81.8%) | 0.60 | |
Amiodarone, n (%) | 111 (38.1%) | 228 (31.8%) | 0.052 | |