Table 2 Baseline characteristics of the clusters derived from MSC data

Mean age, (±SD)

42.60 (7.76)

40.66 (7.16)

43.34 (7.70)

40.28 (7.10)

46.65 (7.69)

44.24 (7.93)

41.68 (7.44)

Women (%)

1663 (71.3%)

434 (77.6%)

411 (63.9%)

293 (78.3%)

157 (61.8%)

261 (72.5%)

107 (75.4%)

Men (%)

669 (28.7%)

125 (22.4%)

232 (36.1%)

81 (21.7%)

97 (38.2%)

99 (27.5%)

35 (24.6%)

Mean BMI, kg/m²(±SD)

29.15 (4.59)

26.17 (2.91)

27.36 (3.08)

30.88 (4.22)

32.02 (4.62)

31.10 (4.33)

34.39 (5.37)

 Overweight (%)

1081 (46.4%)

279 (49.9%)

375 (58.3%)

156 (41.7%)

93 (36.6%)

144 (40.0%)

34 (23.9%)

 Obesity (%)

835 (35.8%)

58 (10.4%)

116 (18.0%)

201 (53.7%)

153 (60.2%)

200 (55.6%)

107 (75.4%)

Systolic blood pressure, mmHg (±SD)

114.69 (14.56)

101.17 (8.16)

118.56 (8.12)

113.23 (9.38)

138.84 (13.81)

111.33 (9.60)

119.63 (15.07)

Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg (±SD)

76.51 (10.22)

66.01 (6.19)

80.41 (5.04)

76.74 (7.46)

91.44 (7.50)

74.11 (7.59)

78.98 (11.68)

Fasting glucose, mmol/L (±SD)

4.91 (0.56)

4.61 (0.40)

4.83 (0.40)

4.49 (0.39)

5.17 (0.51)

5.60 (0.39)

5.25 (0.58)

Fasting insulin μU/mL (SD)

12.15 (6.97)

7.94 (2.96)

7.66 (2.53)

15.74 (4.04)

14.00 (4.73)

14.19 (4.18)

31.05 (6.31)

HOMA2 B (±SD)

120.01 (45.97)

103.18 (28.39)

92.16 (23.50)

173.51 (35.57)

121.47 (28.84)

104.57 (22.33)

208.00 (49.66)

HOMA2 IR (±SD)

1.34 (0.77)

0.87 (0.33)

0.85 (0.28)

1.70 (0.44)

1.57 (0.54)

1.62 (0.48)

3.40 (0.68)

Family history of type 2 diabetes (%)

1856 (79.6%)

440 (78.7%)

509 (79.2%)

287 (76.7%)

207 (81.5%)

295 (81.9%)

118 (83.1%)

Primary education (%)

1077 (46.2%)

188 (33.6%)

313 (48.7%)

187 (50.0%)

121 (47.6%)

197 (54.7%)

71 (50.0%)

Upper-secondary education (%)

419 (18.0%)

112 (20.0%)

129 (20.1%)

63 (16.8%)

42 (16.5%)

50 (13.9%)

23 (16.2%)

University or higher (%)

836 (35.8%)

259 (46.3%)

201 (31.3%)

124 (33.2%)

91 (35.8%)

113 (31.4%)

48 (33.8%)