Table 2 Pooling results of bodies of evidence from RCTs with cohort studies based on random effects and common effects models, 95% prediction intervals, heterogeneity, test for subgroup difference, and population (P), intervention (I)/exposure (E), comparator (C), and outcome similarity degree

Aburto 2013 [14]

Low sodium

Mortality

4

RR: 0.70 (0.44, 1.14)

0/0.00

7

RR: 0.94 (0.83, 1.06)

61/0.02

RR: 0.93

(0.83, 1.04)

(0.68, 1.26)

47/0.02

5.0

N

0.25

RR: 0.94 (0.88, 1.00)

2

Aburto 2013 [14]

Low sodium

Cardiovascular disease

2

RR: 0.84 (0.57, 1.23)

0/0.00

9

RR: 0.90 (0.75, 1.08)

78/0.07

RR: 0.89

(0.75, 1.06)

(0.49, 1.62)

74/0.07

8.7

N

0.78

RR: 0.86 (0.80, 0.93)

2

Ahmad 2015 [15]

Intra-aortic balloon pump

Mortality

12

OR: 0.96 (0.74, 1.24)

0/0.00

14

OR: 1.02 (0.57, 1.82)

97/1.03

OR: 1.02

(0.67, 1.56)

(0.14, 7.32)

95/0.86

37.8

N

0.85

OR: 0.76 (0.72, 0.82)

1

Alipanah 2018 [16]

Self-administered therapy

Treatment success

4

RR: 0.95 (0.87, 1.03)

25/0.00

16

RR: 0.81 (0.74, 0.88)

91/0.02

RR: 0.84

(0.78, 0.90)

(0.62, 1.14)

89/0.02

19.1

Y

0.01

RR: 0.92 (0.90, 0.94)

3

Alipanah 2018 [16]

Self-administered therapy

Treatment completion

5

RR: 0.79 (0.57, 1.09)

45/0.06

14

RR: 1.10 (0.91, 1.33)

86/0.07

RR: 1.02

(0.84, 1.23)

(0.51, 2.02)

88/0.10

24.4

N

0.08

RR: 1.12 (1.07, 1.17)

3

Alipanah 2018 [16]

Self-administered therapy

Mortality

4

RR: 0.73 (0.45, 1.19)

0/0.00

23

RR: 1.35 (1.00, 1.83)

90/0.34

RR: 1.26

(0.95, 1.67)

(0.37, 4.28)

88/0.33

9.8

N

0.04

RR: 1.26 (1.18, 1.34)

3

Anglemyer 2013 [17]

Antiretroviral therapy

HIV infection

1

RR: 0.11 (0.04, 0.30)

NA

9

RR: 0.59 (0.36, 0.97)

63/0.25

RR: 0.45

(0.26, 0.78)

(0.09, 2.31)

75/0.42

11.8

N

0.003

RR: 0.72 (0.64, 0.82)

3

Azad 2017 [18]

Non-nutritive sweeteners

BMI

3

MD: −0.37 (−1.10, 0.36)

9/0.07

1

MD: 0.77 (0.47, 1.07)

NA

MD: 0.23

(−0.77, 1.23)

(−3.88, 4.34)

79/0.65

61.4

N

0.005

MD: 0.53 (0.26, 0.80)

2

Barnard 2015 [19]

Surgical abortion by mid-level providers

Failure or incomplete abortion

2

RR: 2.84 (0.24, 32.97)

65/2.22

2

RR: 2.47 (1.44, 4.23)

0/0.00

RR: 2.23

(1.15, 4.32)

(0.24, 20.54)

33/0.15

34.5

Y

0.91

RR: 2.14 (1.35, 3.39)

2

Barnard 2015 [19]

Surgical abortion by mid-level providers

Complications

2

RR: 0.94 (0.14, 6.44)

0/0.00

2

RR: 1.30 (0.57, 2.96)

70/0.26

RR: 1.31

(0.70, 2.42)

(0.17, 10.11)

32/0.13

9.7

N

0.76

RR: 1.51 (1.05, 2.17)

2

Barnard 2015 [19]

Surgical abortion by mid-level providers

Abortion failure and complications

2

RR: 2.93 (0.19, 44.15)

72/2.90

3

RR: 1.33 (0.78, 2.27)

74/0.16

RR: 1.36

(0.83, 2.21)

(0.29, 6.32)

65/0.17

19.5

N

0.58

RR: 1.43 (1.12, 1.82)

2

Bellemain-Appaix 2012 [20]

Clopidogrel pretreatment for percutaneous coronary intervention

Mortality

7

OR: 0.80 (0.58, 1.10)

0/0.00

8

OR: 0.79 (0.53, 1.18)

79/0.23

OR: 0.77

(0.57, 1.04)

(0.30, 2.02)

66/0.17

30.7

N

0.96

OR: 0.65 (0.57, 0.75)

2

Bellemain-Appaix 2012 [20]

Clopidogrel pretreatment for percutaneous coronary intervention

Major bleeding

7

OR: 1.18 (0.93, 1.50)

0/0.00

8

OR: 1.03 (0.69, 1.53)

64/0.16

OR: 1.04

(0.81, 1.33)

(0.54, 2.03)

46/0.08

40.4

N

0.56

OR: 1.07 (0.92, 1.24)

2

Bellemain-Appaix 2012 [20]

Clopidogrel pretreatment for percutaneous coronary intervention

Major coronary event

7

OR: 0.77 (0.66, 0.89)

4/0.00

8

OR: 0.76 (0.60, 0.95)

82/0.08

OR: 0.76

(0.65, 0.89)

(0.45, 1.29)

69/0.05

36.0

N

0.92

OR: 0.78 (0.73, 0.85)

2

Bellemain-Appaix 2014 [21]

P2Y12 inhibitor pretreatment in non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome

Mortality

3

OR: 0.90 (0.71, 1.14)

5/0.01

4

OR: 0.69 (0.35, 1.32)

35/0.17

OR: 0.90

(0.75, 1.07)

(0.65, 1.24)

10/0.01

66.8

N

0.44

OR: 0.91 (0.80, 1.04)

2

Bellemain-Appaix 2014 [21]

P2Y12 inhibitor pretreatment in non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome

Major bleeding

3

OR: 1.43 (1.16, 1.76)

0/0.00

4

OR: 1.13 (0.92, 1.39)

0/0.00

OR: 1.27

(1.10, 1.47)

(1.05, 1.54)

0/0.00

49.7

N

0.11

OR: 1.27 (1.10, 1.47)

2

Bellemain-Appaix 2014 [21]

P2Y12 inhibitor pretreatment in non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome

Main composite ischemic endpoint

3

OR: 0.87 (0.73, 1.04)

48/0.01

4

OR: 0.78 (0.56, 1.08)

65/0.07

OR: 0.84

(0.72, 0.98)

(0.56, 1.26)

52/0.02

55.0

Y

0.55

OR: 0.85 (0.78, 0.93)

2

Bloomfield 2016 [22]

Mediterranean diet

Breast cancer

1

RR: 0.43 (0.21, 0.88)

NA

13

RR: 0.96 (0.90, 1.03)

52/0.01

RR: 0.95

(0.89, 1.02)

(0.78, 1.17)

57/0.01

0.9

Y

0.03

RR: 0.98 (0.95, 1.02)

2

Bolland 2015 [23]

High calcium

All fractures

22

RR: 0.90 (0.83, 0.97)

23/0.00

5

RR: 1.02 (0.93, 1.12)

68/0.01

RR: 0.94

(0.88, 1.00)

(0.78, 1.14)

50/0.01

58.0

Y

0.04

RR: 0.99 (0.96, 1.02)

2

Bolland 2015 [23]

High calcium

Vertebral fracture

12

RR: 0.86 (0.74, 1.00)

0/0.00

1

RR: 1.40 (1.10, 1.78)

NA

RR: 0.94

(0.79, 1.11)

(0.65, 1.34)

22/0.02

76.7

N

0.0007

RR: 0.98 (0.87, 1.11)

2

Bolland 2015 [23]

High calcium

Hip fracture

13

RR: 0.95 (0.76, 1.18)

36/0.04

6

RR: 1.09 (0.91, 1.30)

50/0.03

RR: 1.02

(0.89, 1.18)

(0.67, 1.56)

46/0.04

42.8

N

0.34

RR: 0.98 (0.91, 1.07)

2

Brenner 2014 [24]

Sigmoidoscopy, screening for CRC

Colorectal cancer mortality

4

RR: 0.72 (0.65, 0.80)

0/0.00

1

RR: 0.59 (0.45, 0.77)

NA

RR: 0.70

(0.64, 0.77)

(0.60, 0.82)

0/0.00

87.3

N

0.18

RR: 0.70 (0.64, 0.77)

1

Brenner 2014 [24]

Sigmoidoscopy, screening for CRC

Colorectal cancer incidence

4

RR: 0.82 (0.75, 0.90)

51/0.00

2

RR: 0.50 (0.37, 0.69)

0/0.00

RR: 0.78

(0.69, 0.89)

(0.55, 1.11)

65/0.01

89.0

N

0.003

RR: 0.79 (0.74, 0.84)

2

Chowdhury 2012 [25]

High omega-3-fatty acids

Cerebrovascular disease

2

RR: 0.99 (0.90, 1.08)

10/0.00

10

RR: 0.89 (0.80, 0.99)

17/0.01

RR: 0.93

(0.85, 1.01)

(0.78, 1.10)

21/0.00

40.7

N

0.17

RR: 0.95 (0.89, 1.01)

2

Chowdhury 2014a [76]

High α-linolenic acid

Coronary event

4

RR: 0.97 (0.69, 1.36)

52/0.06

7

RR: 0.99 (0.88, 1.11)

61/0.02

RR: 0.99

(0.88, 1.11)

(0.72, 1.37)

54/0.02

21.4

N

0.92

RR: 1.01 (0.95, 1.08)

3

Chowdhury 2014a [76]

High omega-3-fatty acids

Coronary event

17

RR: 0.94 (0.86, 1.03)

17/0.01

16

RR: 0.87 (0.78, 0.97)

76/0.03

RR: 0.90

(0.83, 0.97)

(0.66, 1.22)

61/0.02

38.1

Y

0.26

RR: 0.93 (0.89, 0.97)

3

Chowdhury 2014a [76]

High omega-6-fatty acids

Coronary event

8

RR: 0.86 (0.69, 1.07)

59/0.05

8

RR: 0.98 (0.90, 1.06)

54/0.01

RR: 0.94

(0.87, 1.03)

(0.73, 1.21)

56/0.01

30.0

N

0.27

RR: 0.96 (0.94, 1.01)

3

Chung 2016 [27]

High calcium

Cardiovascular disease mortality

2

RR: 1.05 (0.82, 1.33)

0/0.00

6

RR: 0.97 (0.86, 1.09)

37/0.01

RR: 0.99

(0.92, 1.07)

(0.86, 1.15)

11/0.00

10.1

N

0.58

RR: 1.01 (0.95, 1.07)

2

Ding 2017 [28]

High dairy

Systolic blood pressure

8

MD: −0.21 (−0.98, 0.57)

0/0.00

27

MD: −0.11 (−0.20, −0.02)

30/0.01

MD: −0.11

(−0.20, −0.03)

(−0.34, 0.11)

24/0.01

1.2

Y

0.80

MD: −0.16 (−0.21, −0.11)

2

Fenton 2018 [29]

Radiation therapy

Erectile dysfunction

1

RR: 0.91 (0.77, 1.08)

NA

7

RR: 1.30 (1.19, 1.43)

31/0.00

RR: 1.24

(1.09, 1.41)

(0.83, 1.86)

70/0.02

14.3

Y

0.0003

RR: 1.23 (1.15, 1.32)

2

Fenton 2018 [29]

Radical prostatectomy

Urinary incontinence

3

RR: 2.25 (1.80, 2.82)

0/0.00

5

RR: 2.91 (1.80, 4.71)

67/0.18

RR: 2.54

(1.97, 3.27)

(1.28, 5.03)

51/0.06

47.9

N

0.34

RR: 2.46 (2.08, 2.90)

2

Fenton 2018 [29]

Radical prostatectomy

Erectile dysfunction

3

RR: 1.60 (1.24, 2.07)

87/0.05

6

RR: 1.49 (1.33, 1.66)

63/0.01

RR: 1.53

(1.37, 1.70)

(1.07, 2.18)

75/0.02

34.9

N

0.62

RR: 1.50 (1.42, 1.58)

2

Filippini 2017 [30]

Disease-modifying drugs

Conversion to clinically definite multiple sclerosis

7

HR: 0.52 (0.46, 0.60)

0/0.00

2

HR: 0.48 (0.30, 0.78)

62/0.08

HR: 0.53

(0.47, 0.59)

(0.46, 0.61)

0/0.00

70.0

N

0.74

HR: 0.53 (0.47, 0.59)

2

Fluri 2010 [31]

Extracranial-intracranial arterial bypass

Mortality

2

OR: 0.81 (0.62, 1.05)

0/0.00

11

OR: 0.97 (0.58, 1.62)

0/0.00

OR: 0.84

(0.66, 1.06)

(0.64, 1.09)

0/0.00

79.7

N

0.54

OR: 0.84 (0.66, 1.06)

2

Fluri 2010 [31]

Extracranial-intracranial arterial bypass

Any stroke

2

OR: 0.44 (0.06, 3.21)

85/1.80

15

OR: 0.76 (0.49, 1.17)

2/0.02

OR: 0.77

(0.50, 1.17)

(0.29, 2.05)

29/0.17

32.5

N

0.60

OR: 0.95 (0.78, 1.16)

2

Fluri 2010 [31]

Extracranial-intracranial arterial bypass

Death or dependency

1

OR: 0.94 (0.74, 1.21)

NA

8

OR: 0.81 (0.50, 1.31)

0/0.00

OR: 0.91

(0.73, 1.14)

(0.70, 1.19)

0/0.00

79.4

N

0.59

OR: 0.91 (0.73, 1.14)

2

Gargiulo 2016 [32]

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation

Early mortality

5

OR: 0.80 (0.58, 1.11)

0/0.00

29

OR: 1.08 (0.84, 1.39)

41/0.16

OR: 1.01

(0.81, 1.26)

(0.47, 2.20)

39/0.13

18.4

N

0.16

OR: 1.02 (0.88, 1.19)

2

Gargiulo 2016 [32]

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation

Mid-term mortality

5

OR: 0.90 (0.71, 1.13)

22/0.01

18

OR: 1.00 (0.81, 1.24)

46/0.08

OR: 0.96

(0.82, 1.13)

(0.59, 1.58)

40/0.05

29.0

N

0.49

OR: 0.93 (0.83, 1.04)

2

Gargiulo 2016 [32]

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation

Long-term mortality

4

OR: 1.03 (0.77, 1.37)

65/0.05

6

OR: 1.70 (1.31, 2.20)

0/0.00

OR: 1.28

(1.00, 1.65)

(0.62, 2.66)

62/0.08

53.3

N

0.01

OR: 1.18 (1.03, 1.35)

2

Hartling 2013 [33]

Treating gestational diabetes mellitus

Birth weight > 4000g

5

RR: 0.50 (0.36, 0.71)

49/0.07

6

RR: 0.69 (0.31, 1.54)

88/0.64

RR: 0.58

(0.40, 0.86)

(0.17, 2.01)

79/0.25

51.7

N

0.49

RR: 0.54 (0.46, 0.63)

2

Hartling 2013 [33]

Treating gestational diabetes mellitus

Large-for-gestational age neonate

3

RR: 0.56 (0.45, 0.69)

0/0.00

4

RR: 0.43 (0.27, 0.70)

58/0.13

RR: 0.47

(0.36, 0.62)

(0.22, 1.02)

60/0.07

50.2

N

0.35

RR: 0.45 (0.39, 0.52)

2

Hartling 2013 [33]

Treating gestational diabetes mellitus

Shoulder dystocia

3

RR: 0.42 (0.23, 0.77)

0/0.00

4

RR: 0.38 (0.19, 0.75)

16/0.09

RR: 0.39

(0.26, 0.60)

(0.23, 0.68)

0/0.00

49.9

N

0.81

RR: 0.39 (0.26, 0.60)

2

Henderson 2019 [34]

Treating asymptomatic bacteriuria

Pyelonephritis

12

RR: 0.24 (0.14, 0.40)

56/0.40

2

RR: 0.29 (0.15, 0.57)

0/0.00

RR: 0.25

(0.16, 0.39)

(0.07, 0.87)

48/0.28

84.9

N

0.64

RR: 0.30 (0.23, 0.40)

3

Higgins 2016 [35]

BCG

Mortality

3

RR: 0.67 (0.40, 1.14)

58/0.11

8

RR: 0.46 (0.30, 0.69)

63/0.19

RR: 0.51

(0.36, 0.72)

(0.18, 1.46)

67/0.19

29.9

Y

0.25

RR: 0.57 (0.48, 0.68)

3

Higgins 2016 [35]

Measles containing vaccines

Mortality

4

RR: 0.74 (0.51, 1.07)

0/0.00

13

RR: 0.53 (0.40, 0.70)

67/0.14

RR: 0.57

(0.45, 0.72)

(0.27, 1.21)

58/0.11

19.6

Y

0.15

RR: 0.65 (0.57, 0.74)

3

Hopley 2010 [36]

Total hip arthroplasty

Reoperation

4

RR: 1.09 (0.40, 2.99)

30/0.31

6

RR: 0.45 (0.19, 1.08)

23/0.28

RR: 0.66

(0.33, 1.32)

(0.13, 3.42)

34/0.39

43.8

N

0.19

RR: 0.72 (0.43, 1.20)

2

Hopley 2010 [36]

Total hip arthroplasty

Dislocation

4

RR: 2.47 (0.69, 8.76)

0/0.00

5

RR: 0.79 (0.27, 2.35)

18/0.28

RR: 1.20

(0.52, 2.76)

(0.28, 5.08)

12/0.17

36.3

N

0.18

RR: 1.16 (0.54 2.52)

2

Hopley 2010 [36]

Total hip arthroplasty

Deep infection

4

RR: 1.71 (0.66, 4.45)

0/0.00

4

RR: 0.91 (0.25, 3.28)

0/0.00

RR: 1.37

(0.64, 2.94)

(0.50, 3.73)

0/0.00

64.1

N

0.44

RR: 1.37 (0.64, 2.94)

2

Hüpfl 2010 [37]

Chest-compression-only cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Survival

3

RR: 1.22 (1.01, 1.46)

0/0.00

7

RR: 0.96 (0.83, 1.11)

0/0.00

RR: 1.04

(0.92, 1.19)

(0.83, 1.31)

13/0.01

38.1

Y

0.05

RR: 1.05 (0.93, 1.18)

3

Jamal 2013 [38]

Non-calcium-based phosphate binders

Mortality

8

RR: 0.78 (0.62, 0.98)

43/0.03

3

RR: 0.89 (0.78, 1.00)

0/0.00

RR: 0.87

(0.77, 0.97)

(0.67, 1.12)

28/0.01

50.9

N

0.34

RR: 0.89 (0.82, 0.96)

2

Jefferson 2010 [39]

Parenteral influenza vaccine

Influenza-like illness

4

RR: 0.59 (0.47, 0.73)

0/0.00

30

RR: 0.76 (0.66, 0.87)

57/0.07

RR: 0.73

(0.64, 0.82)

(0.43, 1.22)

54/0.06

14.4

N

0.05

RR: 0.70 (0.65, 0.75)

3

Jefferson 2010 [39]

Parenteral influenza vaccine

Influenza

3

RR: 0.42 (0.27, 0.66)

0/0.00

10

RR: 0.51 (0.27, 0.97)

64/0.52

RR: 0.51 (0.32, 0.80)

(0.13, 2.02)

59/0.34

31.3

N

0.62

RR: 0.60 (0.47, 0.78)

2

Jefferson 2012 [40]

Inactivated influenza vaccines

Influenza

5

RR: 0.41 (0.29, 0.59)

36/0.08

1

RR: 0.20 (0.10, 0.39)

NA

RR: 0.37

(0.26, 0.53)

(0.15, 0.92)

44/0.11

84.8

N

0.07

RR: 0.34 (0.27, 0.43)

2

Jefferson 2012 [40]

Inactivated influenza vaccines

Influenza-like illness

5

RR: 0.64 (0.54, 0.76)

67/0.02

2

RR: 0.29 (0.07, 1.15)

95/1.43

RR: 0.56

(0.46, 0.68)

(0.33, 0.94)

87/0.04

65.2

N

0.26

RR: 0.74 (0.71, 0.77)

2

Jin 2012 [41]

High total flavonoids

Colorectal neoplasms

1

RR: 1.09 (0.93, 1.28)

NA

3

RR: 1.00 (0.80, 1.25)

66/0.02

RR: 1.03

(0.88, 1.20)

(0.56, 1.88)

56/0.01

30.4

N

0.55

RR: 1.02 (0.93, 1.13)

3

Kansagara 2013 [42]

Transfusion

Mortality

6

RR: 0.94 (0.62, 1.43)

17/0.05

11

RR: 2.49 (1.40, 4.43)

97/0.94

RR: 1.84

(1.10, 3.07)

(0.20, 16.54)

96/1.00

25.6

Y

0.007

RR: 3.32 (3.03, 3.65)

3

Keag 2018 [43]

Caesarean section

Urinary incontinence

1

OR: 0.78 (0.56, 1.08)

NA

8

OR: 0.56 (0.48, 0.66)

70/0.04

OR: 0.58

(0.50, 0.68)

(0.36, 0.94)

68/0.04

10.0

Y

0.08

OR: 0.62 (0.57, 0.67)

3

Keag 2018 [43]

Caesarean section

Fecal incontinence

1

OR: 3.07 (0.90, 10.47)

NA

5

OR: 1.04 (0.73, 1.48)

72/0.10

OR: 1.11

(0.78, 1.58)

(0.38, 3.26)

71/0.12

6.4

N

0.10

OR: 1.11 (0.94, 1.31)

3

Kredo 2014 [44]

Antiretroviral therapy by nurses

Mortality

1

RR: 0.96 (0.82, 1.12)

NA

2

RR: 1.23 (1.14, 1.33)

0/0.00

RR: 1.13

(0.94, 1.36)

(0.13, 9.93)

76/0.02

35.3

N

0.004

RR: 1.17 (1.10, 1.26)

3

Kredo 2014 [44]

Antiretroviral therapy by nurses

Attrition

1

RR: 0.73 (0.55, 0.97)

NA

2

RR: 0.30 (0.05, 1.94)

98/1.77

RR: 0.43

(0.21, 0.86)

(0.00, 2691.24)

95/0.35

34.4

N

0.35

RR: 0.75 (0.71, 0.79)

3

Kredo 2014 [44]

Nurses for maintenance of antiretroviral therapy

Mortality

2

RR: 0.89 (0.59, 1.32)

0/0.00

1

RR: 0.19 (0.05, 0.78)

NA

RR: 0.61

(0.28, 1.35)

(0.00, 2756.46)

56/0.28

79.8

N

0.04

RR: 0.79 (0.54, 1.16)

3

Li 2014 [45]

Exenatide

Acute pancreatitis/admission for acute pancreatitis

5

RR: 0.86 (0.22, 3.39)

0/0.00

2

RR: 0.92 (0.69, 1.22)

0/0.00

RR: 0.92

(0.69, 1.22)

(0.64, 1.32)

0/0.00

4.0

N

0.92

RR: 0.92 (0.69, 1.21)

2

Li 2016 [46]

DDP-4 inhibitors

Heart failure

34

RR: 0.95 (0.60, 1.50)

0/0.00

4

RR: 1.10 (1.04, 1.17)

0/0.00

RR: 1.10

(1.04, 1.17)

(1.03, 1.16)

0/0.00

1.6

Y

0.53

RR: 1.10 (1.04, 1.17)

2

Li 2016 [46]

DDP-4 Inhibitors

Hospital admission for heart failure

5

OR: 1.13 (1.00, 1.27)

0/0.00

6

OR: 0.85 (0.74, 0.97)

33/0.01

OR: 0.94

(0.83, 1.08)

(0.66, 1.36)

55/0.02

41.9

N

0.002

OR: 0.97 (0.90, 1.05)

2

Matthews 2018 [47]

Tamoxifen

Heart failure

1

RR: 0.52 (0.33, 0.79)

NA

2

RR: 0.85 (0.66, 1.09)

10/0.00

RR: 0.74

(0.53, 1.04)

(0.02, 29.27)

59/0.05

29.5

Y

0.05

RR: 0.75 (0.61, 0.92)

3

Menne 2019 [48]

SGLT-2 inhibitors

Acute kidney injury

41

OR: 0.75 (0.66, 0.84)

0/0.00

5

OR: 0.40 (0.31, 0.52)

39/0.03

OR: 0.58

(0.49, 0.69)

(0.41, 0.99)

27/0.05

63.1

N

<0.0001

OR: 0.62 (0.56, 0.68)

2

Mesgarpour 2017 [49]

Erythropoiesis stimulating agents

Venous thromboembolism

12

RR: 1.12

(0.90, 1.40)

9/0.01

5

RR: 1.92

(0.64, 5.76)

75/1.03

RR: 1.26

(0.76, 2.10)

(0.20, 8.14)

84/0.70

71.6

N

0.35

RR: 1.71

(1.45, 2.01)

2

Mesgarpour 2017 [49]

Erythropoiesis stimulating agents

Mortality

17

RR: 0.82

(0.71, 0.93)

0/0.00

7

RR: 1.08

(0.66, 1.78)

91/0.35

RR: 0.88

(0.64, 1.21)

(0.21, 3.71)

92/0.46

66.5

Y

0.28

RR: 2.20

(2.15, 2.25)

2

Moberley 2013 [50]

Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines

Invasive pneumococcal disease

10

OR: 0.26

(0.14, 0.45)

0/0.00

2

OR: 0.57

(0.36, 0.89)

0/0.00

OR: 0.40

(0.26, 0.61)

(0.18, 0.85)

12/0.07

48.1

N

0.03

OR: 0.42

(0.29, 0.59)

2

Molnar 2015 [51]

Neoral (cyclosporine)

Acute rejection of kidney transplant

2

OR: 1.25

(0.61, 2.56)

9/0.03

2

OR: 0.46

(0.25, 0.86)

5/0.02

OR: 0.74

(0.36, 1.54)

(0.04, 12.62)

56/0.29

49.6

N

0.04

OR: 0.71 (0.46, 1.10)

2

Navarese 2013 [52]

Early intervention for NSTE-ACS

Mortality

7

OR: 0.83 (0.64, 1.09)

0/0.00

4

OR: 0.80 (0.63, 1.02)

78/0.04

OR: 0.82

(0.69, 0.97)

(0.54, 1.24)

45/0.03

25.2

Y

0.86

OR: 0.86 (0.80, 0.94)

2

Navarese 2013 [52]

Early intervention for NSTE-ACS

Myocardial infarction

7

OR: 1.16 (0.67, 2.00)

81/0.41

3

OR: 0.86 (0.69, 1.08)

86/0.03

OR: 0.97

(0.77, 1.22)

(0.48, 1.94)

81/0.08

50.6

N

0.32

OR: 0.90 (0.83, 0.97)

2

Navarese 2013 [52]

Early intervention for NSTE-ACS

Major bleeding

7

OR: 0.76 (0.56, 1.04)

0/0.00

3

OR: 1.12 (0.69, 1.82)

92/0.17

OR: 0.92

(0.68, 1.24)

(0.39, 2.15)

70/0.11

43.7

N

0.19

OR: 1.00 (0.88, 1.13)

2

Nelson 2010 [53]

Caesarean section

Anal incontinence, feces

1

OR: 1.00 (0.49, 2.05)

NA

12

OR: 0.91 (0.72, 1.16)

0/0.00

OR: 0.92

(0.74, 1.16)

(0.72, 1.19)

0/0.00

10.0

N

0.81

OR: 0.92 (0.74, 1.16)

3

Nelson 2010 [53]

Caesarean section

Anal incontinence, flatus

1

OR: 0.83 (0.51, 1.36)

NA

4

OR: 1.02 (0.87, 1.20)

0/0.00

OR: 1.00

(0.86, 1.16)

(0.78, 1.28)

0/0.00

9.7

N

0.44

OR: 1.00 (0.86, 1.16)

3

Nieuwenhuijse 2014 [54]

Ceramic-on-ceramic bearings for total hip arthroplasty

Harris Hip Score

7

MD: −0.23 (−1.09, 0.63)

24/0.31

3

MD: −0.50 (−2.09, 1.09)

62/1.08

MD: −0.29 (−0.96, 0.38)

(−1.81, 1.22)

32/0.31

59.3

N

0.77

MD: −0.20 (−0.66, 0.26)

2

Nieuwenhuijse 2014 [54]

High-flexion total knee arthroplasty

Flexion (degrees)

20

MD: 1.68 (0.28, 3.08)

45/3.83

26

MD: 3.78 (1.64, 5.92)

78/19.12

MD: 2.91 (1.56, 4.27)

(-4.42, 10.25)

73/12.7

46.8

N

0.11

MD: 2.49 (1.84, 3.14)

2

Nieuwenhuijse 2014 [54]

Gender-specific total knee arthroplasty

Flexion-extension range (degrees)

6

MD: 1.40 (−0.18, 2.99)

5/0.23

2

MD: 3.15 (−0.03, 6.34)

29/1.58

MD: 1.80 (0.40, 3.21)

(−0.53, 4.14)

9/0.40

74.4

Y

0.33

MD: 1.85 (0.54, 3.16)

2

Nikooie 2019 [55]

Second-generation antipsychotics

Sedation

6

RR: 1.26 (0.92, 1.72)

0/0.00

3

RR: 1.84 (0.40, 8.54)

34/0.84

RR: 1.29

(0.95, 1.74)

(0.91, 1.83)

0/0.00

94.0

N

0.63

RR: 1.29 (0.95, 1.74)

2

Nikooie 2019 [55]

Second-generation antipsychotics

Neurologic outcomes

6

RR: 0.45 (0.20, 1.01)

0/0.00

5

RR: 0.76 (0.59, 0.99)

0/0.00

RR: 0.73

(0.57, 0.93)

(0.56, 0.95)

0/0.00

9.0

Y

0.22

RR: 0.73 (0.57, 0.93)

2

Ochen 2019 [56]

Surgery for Achilles tendon rupture

Re-rupture

10

RR: 0.40 (0.24, 0.69)

0/0.00

18

RR: 0.42 (0.28, 0.65)

30/0.19

RR: 0.43

(0.31, 0.60)

(0.20, 0.96)

21/0.12

30.4

N

0.90

RR: 0.65 (0.54, 0.79)

2

Ochen 2019 [56]

Surgery for Achilles tendon rupture

Complications

9

RR: 3.13 (1.33, 7.38)

68/1.04

15

RR: 2.93 (2.28, 3.75)

0/0.00

RR: 2.72

(1.84, 4.02)

(0.84, 8.82)

41/0.28

42.2

N

0.88

RR: 2.63 (2.13, 3.27)

2

Pittas 2010 [57]

High vitamin D

Hypertension

1

RR: 1.01 (0.96, 1.06)

NA

3

RR: 0.57 (0.41, 0.79)

0/0.00

RR: 0.68

(0.43, 1.07)

(0.10, 4.51)

77/0.14

38.2

N

0.0006

RR: 1.00 (0.95, 1.05)

3

Raman 2013 [58]

Carotid endarterectomy

Ipsilateral stroke

3

RR: 0.72 (0.58, 0.90)

0/0.00

2

RR: 0.47 (0.05, 4.46)

83/2.19

RR: 0.70

(0.51, 0.97)

(0.29, 1.69)

38/0.05

88.1

N

0.71

RR: 0.72 (0.58, 0.89)

2

Raman 2013 [58]

Carotid endarterectomy

Any stroke

3

RR: 0.68 (0.56, 0.82)

18/0.01

3

RR: 0.73 (0.43, 1.22)

0/0.00

RR: 0.67

(0.57, 0.79)

(0.53, 0.84)

0/0.00

90.3

N

0.79

RR: 0.67 (0.57, 0.79)

2

Raman 2013 [58]

Carotid artery stenting

Periprocedural stroke

2

RR: 1.75 (0.87, 3.52)

0/0.00

5

RR: 1.91 (1.72, 2.11)

7/0.00

RR: 1.91

(1.74, 2.10)

(1.69, 2.16)

0/0.00

1.8

Y

0.81

RR: 1.91 (1.74, 2.10)

2

Schweizer 2013 [59]

Nasal deconolization

Surgical site infection

5

RR: 0.63 (0.36, 1.12)

49/0.20

6

RR: 0.40 (0.28, 0.57)

0/0.00

RR: 0.48

(0.33, 0.69)

(0.18, 1.26)

44/0.15

47.6

Y

0.19

RR: 0.54 (0.42, 0.69)

2

Schweizer 2013 [59]

Glycopeptide prophylaxis

Surgical site infection

8

RR: 1.13 (0.90, 1.42)

0/0.00

7

RR: 0.35 (0.12, 1.03)

80/1.44

RR: 0.71

(0.48, 1.05)

(0.22, 2.27)

62/0.25

61.5

N

0.04

RR: 1.04 (0.66, 1.24)

2

Silvain 2012 [60]

Enoxaparin

Mortality

6

RR: 0.88 (0.70, 1.10)

0/0.00

7

RR: 0.50 (0.40, 0.62)

0/0.00

RR: 0.64

(0.49, 0.82)

(0.32, 1.26)

46/0.08

51.1

Y

0.0004

RR: 0.66 (0.56, 0.77)

2

Silvain 2012 [60]

Enoxaparin

Major bleeding

9

RR: 0.88 (0.62, 1.24)

53/0.12

7

RR: 0.72 (0.56, 0.93)

0/0.00

RR: 0.81

(0.66, 1.00)

(0.49, 1.37)

30/0.05

57.5

N

0.37

RR: 0.84 (0.72, 0.98)

2

Silvain 2012 [60]

Enoxaparin

Death or myocardial infarction

13

RR: 0.86 (0.74, 0.99)

21/0.01

7

RR: 0.44 (0.35, 0.55)

0/0.00

RR: 0.67

(0.55, 0.81)

(0.37, 1.21)

58/0.07

65.7

N

<0.00001

RR: 0.77 (0.71, 0.85)

2

Suthar 2012 [61]

Antiretroviral therapy

Tuberculosis infection

2

HR: 0.50 (0.34, 0.75)

0/0.00

9

HR: 0.32 (0.25, 0.41)

27/0.03

HR: 0.35

(0.29, 0.44)

(0.22, 0.57)

26/0.03

21.1

N

0.07

HR: 0.37 (0.31, 0.44)

3

Te Morenga 2013 [62]

High sugar intake

Weight gain (kg)

10

MD: 0.74

(0.30, 1.19)

82/0.34

4

MD: 0.31

(−0.07, 0.68)

99/0.14

MD: 0.51

(0.26, 0.75)

(−0.36, 1.37)

99/0.14

58.0

N

0.14

MD: 0.59

(0.58, 0.60)

2

Te Morenga 2013 [62]

High sugar intake

BMI (kg/m²)

3

MD: −0.06

(−0.15, 0.04)

0/0.00

4

MD: −0.02

(−0.05, 0.00)

74/0.00

MD: −0.02

(−0.05, −0.00)

(−0.05, 0.09)

58/0.00

5.0

N

0.42

MD: −0.01

(−0.03, −0.00)

2

Thomas 2010 [63]

Influenza vaccines

Influenza-like illness

3

RR: 0.71

(0.55, 0.90)

45/0.02

1

RR: 0.31

(0.26, 0.36)

NA

RR: 0.53

(0.31, 0.89)

(0.08, 3.48)

94/0.28

75.5

N

<0.00001

RR: 0.48

(0.43, 0.53)

3

Tickell-Painter 2017 [64]

Mefloquine

Discontinuation due to adverse effects

3

RR: 2.86 (1.53, 5.31)

0/0.00

9

RR: 2.73 (1.84, 4.06)

31/0.11

RR: 2.78

(2.05, 3.77)

(1.57, 4.91)

15/0.04

20.8

N

0.91

RR: 2.85 (2.19, 3.71)

2

Tickell-Painter 2017 [64]

Mefloquine

Serious adverse events or effects

3

RR: 0.68 (0.11, 4.27)

0/0.00

2

RR: 3.09 (0.38, 24.95)

0/0.00

RR: 1.31

(0.33, 5.23)

(0.14, 12.39)

0/0.00

56.3

N

0.29

RR: 1.31 (0.33, 5.23)

3

Tickell-Painter 2017 [64]

Mefloquine

Nausea

2

RR: 1.34 (1.04, 1.71)

0/0.00

3

RR: 1.86 (1.42, 2.42)

0/0.00

RR: 1.56

(1.30, 1.87)

(1.16, 2.09)

0/0.00

53.7

N

0.08

RR: 1.56 (1.30, 1.87)

3

Tricco 2018 [65]

Live-attenuated zoster vaccines

Suspected Herpes Zoster

5

RR: 0.60 (0.54, 0.66)

0/0.00

3

RR: 0.48 (0.27, 0.83)

99/0.24

RR: 0.55

(0.40, 0.77)

(0.20, 1.52)

97/0.14

43.4

N

0.44

RR: 0.72 (0.70, 0.74)

2

Vinceti 2018 [66]

Selenium

Any cancer

5

RR: 0.99 (0.86, 1.14)

46/0.01

7

RR: 0.72 (0.55, 0.93)

46/0.06

RR: 0.86

(0.73, 1.01)

(0.52, 1.42)

64/0.04

54.3

N

0.03

RR: 0.94 (0.88, 1.01)

3

Vinceti 2018 [66]

Selenium

Cancer mortality

2

RR: 0.81 (0.49, 1.32)

79/0.10

7

RR: 0.76 (0.59, 0.97)

66/0.07

RR: 0.78

(0.64, 0.95)

(0.44, 1.39)

65/0.05

26.8

Y

0.83

RR: 0.88 (0.80, 0.96)

3

Vinceti 2018 [66]

Selenium

Colorectal cancer

3

RR: 0.74 (0.41, 1.33)

48/0.13

6

RR: 0.82 (0.72, 0.94)

0/0.00

RR: 0.83

(0.74, 0.94)

(0.73, 0.95)

0/0.00

14.4

Y

0.72

RR: 0.83 (0.74, 0.94)

3

Wilson 2011 [67]

Training for traditional birth attendants/assistance by traditional birth attendants

Perinatal mortality

5

RR: 0.77 (0.66, 0.89)

62/0.02

1

RR: 0.82 (0.38, 1.78)

NA

RR: 0.77

(0.67, 0.89)

(0.53, 1.13)

52/0.01

97.0

N

0.87

RR: 0.79 (0.73, 0.86)

3

Wilson 2011 [67]

Training for traditional birth attendants/assistance by traditional birth attendants

Neonatal mortality

6

RR: 0.80 (0.71, 0.90)

37/0.01

2

RR: 0.80 (0.47, 1.37)

0/0.00

RR: 0.80

(0.73, 0.88)

(0.67, 0.95)

14.0/0.00

97.0

N

0.99

RR: 0.80 (0.74, 0.87)

3

Wilson 2019 [68]

Unilateral knee arthroplasty

Venous thromboembolism

2

RR: 0.24 (0.04, 1.37)

0/0.00

8

RR: 0.42 (0.30, 0.57)

24/0.04

RR: 0.43

(0.33, 0.55)

(0.29, 0.64)

8/0.01

1.9

Y

0.53

RR: 0.45 (0.37, 0.54)

2

Wilson 2019 [68]

Unilateral knee arthroplasty

Range of movement (degrees)

3

MD: −4.58 (−10.75, 1.59)

95/27.67

11

MD: −8.43 (−10.15, −6.71)

86/6.20

MD: −7.60

(−9.27, −5.93)

(−13.98, −1.22)

91/7.85

22.2

Y

0.24

MD: −8.29 (−8.63, −7.95)

2

Wilson 2019 [68]

Unilateral knee arthroplasty

Operation duration (minutes)

3

MD: −1.72 (−11.89, 8.45)

90/71.69

8

MD: −23.80 (−40.43, −7.17)

99/491.19

MD: −17.07 (−29.11, −5.04)

(−63.37, 29.23)

98/365.45

30.2

Y

<0.00001

MD: −11.25 (−12.71, −9.97)

2

Yank 2011 [69]

Recombinant factor VII

Mortality

2

RR: 1.40 (0.49, 4.02)

0/0.00

2

RR: 0.91 (0.39, 2.12)

0/0.00

RR: 1.08

(0.56, 2.09)

(0.25, 4.59)

0/0.00

39.4

N

0.53

RR: 1.08 (0.56, 2.09)

2

Yank 2011 [69]

Recombinant factor VII

Thromboembolic events

2

RR: 2.04 (0.51, 8.20)

8/0.08

2

RR: 1.81 (0.67, 4.87)

0/0.00

RR: 1.88

(0.85, 4.16)

(0.33, 10.76)

0/0.00

35.5

N

0.89

RR: 1.88 (0.85, 4.16)

2

Zhang 2016 [70]

Everolimus-eluting bioresorbable vascular scaffold

Stent thrombosis

5

OR: 1.97 (0.90, 4.29)

0/0.00

3

OR: 2.22 (1.00, 4.93)

0/0.00

OR: 2.09

(1.20, 3.64)

(1.04, 4.18)

0/0.00

51.1

Y

0.83

OR: 2.09 (1.20, 3.64)

2

Zhang 2016 [70]

Everolimus-eluting bioresorbable vascular scaffold

Mortality

5

OR: 0.71 (0.17, 3.01)

45/1.16

4

OR: 0.63 (0.24, 1.63)

0/0.00

OR: 0.73

(0.34, 1.57)

(0.18, 2.97)

15/0.20

51.7

N

0.89

OR: 0.82 (0.42, 1.60)

2

Zhang 2016 [70]

Everolimus-eluting bioresorbable vascular scaffold

Cardiac death

3

OR: 1.39 (0.17, 11.14)

44/1.48

4

OR: 0.94 (0.43, 2.06)

0/0.00

OR: 1.05 (0.53, 2.12)

(0.42, 2.63)

0/0.00

21.4

N

0.73

OR: 1.05 (0.53, 2.12)

2

Zhang 2017 [71]

Percutaneous coronary intervention

Mortality

5

HR: 1.00 (0.79, 1.26)

22/0.02

17

HR: 1.07 (0.92, 1.26)

37/0.03

HR: 1.05

(0.93, 1.20)

(0.73, 1.52)

32/0.03

25.6

N

0.59

HR: 1.08 (0.98, 1.19)

2

Zhang 2017 [71]

Percutaneous coronary intervention

Cardiovascular mortality

4

HR: 0.99 (0.71, 1.39)

21/0.02

5

HR: 1.08 (0.51, 2.28)

78/0.49

HR: 1.05 (0.69, 1.59)

(0.29, 3.81)

72/0.25

51.2

N

0.85

HR: 1.33 (1.09, 1.62)

2

Zhang 2017 [71]

Percutaneous coronary intervention

Myocardial infarction

5

HR: 1.39 (0.86, 2.26)

57/0.16

5

HR: 2.00 (1.65, 2.44)

0/0.00

HR: 1.69

(1.22, 2.33)

(0.71, 4.03)

57/0.12

53.7

Y

0.17

HR: 1.66 (1.42, 1.94)

2

Ziff 2015 [72]

Digoxin

Mortality

7

RR: 0.99 (0.93, 1.05)

0/0.00

8

RR: 1.60 (1.31, 1.96)

63/0.05

RR: 1.38

(1.15, 1.66)

(0.77, 2.49)

75/0.06

30.2

Y

<0.00001

RR: 1.08 (1.03, 1.14)

3

Ziff 2015 [72]

Digoxin

Cardiovascular mortality

5

RR: 1.01 (0.94, 1.09)

0/0.00

3

RR: 2.53 (1.12, 5.70)

96/0.48

RR: 1.71

(1.04, 2.80)

(0.26, 11.38)

96/0.29

41.9

Y

0.03

RR: 1.15 (1.08, 1.22)

3

Ziff 2015 [72]

Digoxin

Hospital admission

2

RR: 0.96 (0.87, 1.05)

65/0.00

4

RR: 0.92 (0.85, 0.99)

64/0.00

RR: 0.93

(0.88, 0.98)

(0.80, 1.09)

61/0.00

37.8

Y

0.49

RR: 0.92 (0.89, 0.95)

2