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Table 1 Coefficient estimates of generalized least square (GLS) models predicting racial and ethnic and educational differences in US poisoning mortality rates (per 100,000) aged 25 and older 2000–2019a

From: Trends in mortality from alcohol, opioid, and combined alcohol and opioid poisonings by sex, educational attainment, and race and ethnicity for the United States 2000–2019

 

Men

Women

Alcohol-only

Opioid-only

Alcohol and opioid

Alcohol-only

Opioid-only

Alcohol and opioid

Race and ethnicity effect at 2010 (ref. White)

 Black

−1.017 (−1.274, −0.761)***

−4.542 (−9.279, 0.196)

−0.694 (−1.459, 0.071)

−1.024 (−1.236, −0.813)***

−4.189 (−7.515, −0.864)*

−0.512 (−0.779, −0.245)***

 Hispanic

−1.339 (−1.849, −0.829)***

−5.394 (−11.115, 0.328)

−0.804 (−1.570, −0.037)*

−0.902 (−1.077, −0.728)***

−7.985 (−13.285, −2.685)**

−0.451 (−0.614, −0.288)***

 Other

−0.005 (−0.362, 0.353)

−5.837 (−9.968, −1.706)**

−1.143 (−1.668, −0.618)***

−0.565 (−0.745, −0.384)***

−4.790 (−8.014, −1.566)**

−0.455 (−0.605, −0.306)***

Education effect at 2010 (ref high education)

 Low education

5.554 (5.208, 5.901)***

21.839 (11.679, 32.000)***

3.109 (1.414, 4.804)***

1.158 (0.924, 1.393)***

6.344 (4.473, 8.215)***

0.043 (−0.604, 0.690)

 Medium education

1.581 (1.364, 1.797)***

3.678 (1.299, 6.057)**

0.870 (−0.131, 1.871)

0.230 (0.010, 0.450)*

1.946 (1.071, 2.820)***

−0.196 (−0.807, 0.415)

 Linear yearb

0.068 (0.052, 0.083)***

0.486 (0.032, 0.941)*

0.087 (0.001, 0.173)*

0.043 (0.021, 0.066)***

0.427 (0.056, 0.799)*

0.097 (0.034, 0.160)**

 Quadratic yearb

−0.003 (−0.006, 0.000)*

0.016 (−0.009, 0.040)

0.002 (−0.003, 0.007)

−0.002 (−0.005, 0.001)

0.010 (−0.009, 0.029)

0.003 (0.000, 0.006)

Race by linear year

 Black × year

−0.052 (−0.081, −0.023)***

−0.280 (−0.716, 0.157)

0.026 (−0.049, 0.102)

−0.034 (−0.055, −0.013)**

−0.353 (−0.717, 0.012)

−0.017 (−0.045, 0.010)

 Hispanic × year

−0.068 (−0.123, −0.013)*

−0.717 (−1.207, −0.227)**

−0.106 (−0.180, −0.032)**

−0.059 (−0.080, −0.039)***

−0.920 (−1.572, −0.268)**

−0.064 (−0.083, −0.045)***

 Other × year

−0.010 (−0.054, 0.033)

−0.699 (−1.149, −0.248)**

−0.159 (−0.215, −0.102)***

−0.024 (−0.045, −0.003)*

−0.491 (−0.872, −0.110)*

−0.070 (−0.088, −0.052)***

Race by quadratic year

 Black × year sq.

0.007 (0.002, 0.012)**

0.019 (−0.013, 0.050)

0.012 (0.003, 0.020)**

0.004 (0.001, 0.007)**

−0.003 (−0.023, 0.017)

0.002 (−0.001, 0.005)

 Hispanic × year sq.

0.004 (−0.003, 0.012)

−0.030 (−0.061, 0.001)

0.000 (−0.007, 0.008)

0.001 (−0.002, 0.005)

−0.037 (−0.071, −0.004)*

−0.003 (−0.006, 0.000)*

 Other × year sq.

0.003 (−0.004, 0.010)

−0.029 (−0.055, −0.002)*

−0.005 (−0.012, 0.001)

0.002 (−0.001, 0.006)

−0.016 (−0.037, 0.004)

−0.003 (−0.005, 0.000)*

Education by linear year

 Low education × year

0.186 (0.148, 0.225)***

2.132 (1.450, 2.814)***

0.322 (0.184, 0.460)***

0.073 (0.049, 0.097)***

0.809 (0.619, 0.999)***

0.032 (−0.037, 0.101)

 Med education × year

0.108 (0.083, 0.132)***

0.609 (0.366, 0.852)***

0.144 (0.040, 0.247)**

0.053 (0.031, 0.075)***

0.255 (0.168, 0.343)***

−0.006 (−0.069, 0.056)

Educ by quadratic year

 Low education × year sq.

0.004 (−0.002, 0.011)

0.122 (0.085, 0.159)***

0.026 (0.014, 0.038)***

0.003 (−0.001, 0.006)

0.039 (0.024, 0.055)***

0.005 (0.001, 0.009)*

 Med education × year sq.

0.000 (−0.004, 0.005)

0.042 (0.019, 0.065)***

0.011 (0.004, 0.017)**

0.001 (−0.002, 0.005)

0.012 (0.001, 0.022)*

0.001 (−0.003, 0.004)

 Interceptc

2.155 (2.017, 2.293)***

5.217 (1.032, 9.401)*

0.974 (−0.203, 2.150)

1.413 (1.190, 1.637)***

5.008 (1.869, 8.146)**

0.956 (0.339, 1.572)**

  1. *p<.05
  2. **p<.01
  3. ***p<.001
  4. aModel predictors are linear and quadratic year centered at 2010, race and ethnicity and education dummies, and interaction between year, year square, and race/ethnicity, and between year, year square, and education. N=240 for each model (20 years × 4 race groups × 3 education groups). All models allow for heteroskedastic variances and panel-specific first-order auto-regression (panel defined by race by education combination)
  5. bLinear and quadratic year effect for the reference group, i.e., white with high education
  6. cIntercept estimates average mortality rate for white with high education at year 2010