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Fig. 1 | BMC Medicine

Fig. 1

From: Gravidity and malaria trends interact to modify P. falciparum densities and detectability in pregnancy: a 3-year prospective multi-site observational study

Fig. 1

P. falciparum positive rates, densities, and proportion of detectable infections between centers by gravidity, study period, and season. Multilevel mixed-effects regression models with a random intercept at site level were estimated to assess associations with detectability (logistic) and log-transformed parasite densities. All models were estimated using transmission level (site) by study period (A year 1 and B year 2 to 3) or season (C) as independent variables and were adjusted for HIV status, residence in village, or rural area and place where molecular analysis was conducted. The model of transmission level (A and B) included an interaction term to assess the modifying effects of gravidity (first pregnancy [primigravidae: primig] and two or more previous pregnancies [multigravidae: multig]) on the relationship between parasitological outcomes and center of recruitment, with the testing for significance using a Wald test (pI). Parasite densities are represented as violin plots, which include a marker for the median (red circle), a black box indicating the interquartile range and spikes extending to the upper- and lower-adjacent values; the shape represents kernel density estimates

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