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Fig. 2 | BMC Medicine

Fig. 2

From: Combination of an autophagy inhibitor with immunoadjuvants and an anti-PD-L1 antibody in multifunctional nanoparticles for enhanced breast cancer immunotherapy

Fig. 2

Construction and characterization of multifunctional nanoparticles (MNPs). a Chemical structure of the polyethyleneimine-oleic acid (PEI-OA) polymer. b Nanoparticles 1 were prepared by the thin-film hydration method. Encapsulation of an immunopotentiator (CpG) and ovalbumin (OVA) into 1 by electrostatic interactions, followed by surface coating with atezolizumab and chondroitin sulfate generated nanoparticles 3. c Transmission electron micrographs (TEM) of nanoparticles 1–3. Scale bar, 200 nm. d Confocal microscopic images of DiD-N/A, FAM-CpG-N/A, and DiD+FAM-CpG-N/A. Scale bar, 200 nm. e Agarose gel electrophoresis of DiD+FAM-CpG-N/A. f Western blot analysis of DiD-N/A, FITC-OVA-N/A, and DiD+FITC-OVA-N/A. Free FITC-OVA solution was used as control. g Flow cytometry of DiD-N/A, FITC-OVA-N/A, and DiD+FITC-OVA-N/A. h Representative size distribution of nanoparticles 3, as determined by dynamic light scattering. i Size, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential of nanoparticles 1–3. Data are shown as mean ± SD (n = 4). DiD, 4-chlorobenzenesulfonate salt; FAM, fluorescein amidite; FITC, fluorescein; N, nanoparticles; S, solution

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