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Table 2 Impact on HRQL of initial COVID-19 severity, time since enrolment and sociodemographic- and baseline clinical characteristics

From: Health-related quality of life among persons with initial mild, moderate, and severe or critical COVID-19 at 1 and 12 months after infection: a prospective cohort study

 

Initial COVID-19 severity

Reference = mild

Time

Reference = month 1

Migration background

Reference = Dutch-origin

Comorbidities

Reference = <3 comorbidities

 

Moderate

Severe/critical

Month 12

Low/middle-income country

High-income country

≥3 comorbidities

Physical functioning

−0.47 (−0.77 to −0.17) *

p < 0.001

−0.65 (−1.04 to −0.27) *

p < 0.001

0.87 (0.61 to 1.14) *

p < 0.001

−0.50 (−0.90 to −0.11) *

p = 0.013

−0.85 (−1.17 to −0.52) *

p < 0.001

−0.54 (−1.06 to −0.03) *

p = 0.039

Role physical

−0.38 (−0.64 to −0.13) *

p = 0.003

−0.52 (−0.84 to −0.10) *

p = 0.002

1.24 (1.01 to 1.46) *

p < 0.001

−0.28 (−0.56 to −0.010) *

p = 0.046

−0.44 (−0.77 to −0.62) *

p = 0.011

Not in model

Bodily pain

−0.48 (−0.73 to −0.23) *

p < 0.001

−0.71 (−1.03 to −0.39) *

p < 0.001

0.64 (0.42 to 0.87) *

p < 0.001

−0.42 (−0.69 to −0.15) *

p = 0.003

−0.71 (−1.04 to −0.37) *

p < 0.001

Not in model

Vitality

−0.58 (−0.83 to −0.32) *

p < 0.001

−0.69 (−1.02 to −0.36) *

p < 0.001

0.91 (0.69 to 1.14) *

p < 0.001

−0.31 (−0.59 to −0.03) *

p = 0.030

−0.93 (−1.27 to −0.60) *

p < 0.001

Not in model

Social functioning

−0.49 (−0.82 to −0.16) *

p = 0.004

−0.53 (−1.38 to −0.27) *

p < 0.001

1.13 (0.90 to 1.36) *

p < 0.001

−0.44 (−0.72 to −0.15) *

p = 0.003

−1.03 (−1.38 to −0.68) *

p < 0.001

Not in model

Mental health

−0.30 (−0.53 to −0.07) *

p = 0.01

−0.15 (−0.45 to 0.14)

p = 0.311

0.36 (0.15 to 0.56) *

p < 0.001

−0.18 (−0.43 to 0.07)

p = 0.161

−1.09 (−1.40 to −0.79) *

p < 0.001

Not in model

Role emotional

−0.34 (−0.60 to −0.08) *

p = 0.012

−0.43 (−0.76 to −0.10) *

p = 0.012

0.53 (0.30 to 0.76) *

p < 0.001

−0.96 (−1.31 to −0.62) *

p < 0.001

−0.24 (−0.53 to 0.05)

p = 0.101

Not in model

General health

−0.53 (−0.77 to −0.28) *

p < 0.001

−0.55 (−0.87 to −0.23) *

p < 0.001

0.11 (−0.12 to 0.33)

p = 0.355

−0.10 (−0.37 to 0.17)

p = 0.457

−0.50 (−0.82 to −0.17) *

p = 0.003

−0.46 (−0.89 to −0.02) *

p = 0.042

  1. Parameter estimates are regression coefficients from mixed linear models adjusted for confounders. All models include a random intercept. CI denotes confidence interval. Parameter estimates can be interpreted as effect sizes (Cohens’ d) with values of 0.2, 0.5 and 0.8 indicating small, medium and large effects respectively
  2. *p<0.05