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Table 1 Numbers and incidence rates of hepatocellular carcinoma among the UK biobank participants

From: Alcohol consumption and hepatocellular carcinoma: novel insights from a prospective cohort study and nonlinear Mendelian randomization analysis

Characteristics

N (%)

No. of HCC cases

Incidence rate of HCC (per 100,000)

P value†

Sample size

329,164 (100)

201

4.83

 

Sex

   

 < 0.001

 Male

157,043 (47.7)

154

7.09

 

 Female

172,121 (52.3)

47

2.36

 

Age (years)

   

 < 0.001

  < 60

186,567 (56.7)

51

2.84

 

  ≥ 60

142,597 (43.3)

150

6.34

 

Alcohol intake level

   

 < 0.001

 Abstinent

12,342 (3.7)

7

4.46

 

 Low-to-moderate

190,180 (57.8)

91

3.80

 

 Excess

89,012 (27.0)

42

3.71

 

 Heavy

37,630 (11.4)

61

12.73

 

Alcohol intake frequencyc

   

 < 0.001

 Never

12,342 (3.7)

7

4.46

 

 Less frequent

130,745 (39.7)

60

3.66

 

 Frequent

99,606 (30.3)

59

4.66

 

 Regular

86,471 (26.3)

75

6.83

 

Dominated alcohol typeb

   

 < 0.001

 Wine

82,038 (24.9)

37

3.57

 

 Beer

51,495 (15.6)

51

7.84

 

 Spirits and fortified wine

11,597 (3.5)

8

5.44

 

 Non-specific

171,692 (52.2)

98

4.51

 

Usually drinking with meal

   

 < 0.001

 Yes

139,358 (44.0)

64

3.64

 

 No

63,981 (20.2)

53

6.53

 

 Varies

113,483 (35.8)

77

5.35

 

Smoking status

   

 < 0.001

 Never

179,851 (54.6)

69

3.03

 

 Former

116,634 (35.4)

104

7.05

 

 Current

32,679 (9.9)

28

6.75

 

Average household income

   

 < 0.001

 Less than 18,000

50,569 (15.4)

50

7.84

 

 18,000 to 30,999

69,623 (21.2)

56

6.37

 

 31,000 to 51,999

122,001 (37.1)

67

4.33

 

 52,000 to 100,000

67,829 (20.6)

21

2.45

 

 Greater than 100,000

19,142 (5.8)

7

2.91

 

Physical activity

   

 < 0.001

 0–1 day/week

62,965 (19.1)

40

5.01

 

 2–4 days/week

141,931 (43.1)

88

4.90

 

 5–7 days/week

124,268 (37.8)

73

4.65

 

BMI category

   

 < 0.001

  < 25

116,960 (35.5)

36

2.43

 

 25–29.9

144,652 (43.9)

81

4.43

 

  >  = 30

67,552 (20.5)

84

9.84

 

PNPLA3 rs738409a

   

 < 0.001

 CC

197,439 (61.5)

97

3.88

 

 CG/GG

123,662 (38.5)

102

6.53

 

TM6SF2 rs58542926a

   

 < 0.001

 CC

274,776 (85.6)

152

4.37

 

 CT/TT

46,325 (14.4)

47

8.04

 

ALT level (U/L)

   

 < 0.001

  < 40

303,691 (92.3)

114

2.97

 

  ≥ 40

25,473 (7.7)

87

26.90

 

HBV/HCV statusa,d

   

0.876

 Positive

116 (1.9)

0

0

 

 Negative

6040 (98.1)

1

1.31

 
  1. BMI Body-mass index, ALT Alanine aminotransferase, HBV Hepatitis B virus, HCV Hepatitis C virus
  2. †P values were calculated from the likelihood ratio test in univariate Cox regression model
  3. a8063 individuals were missing on genetic data; 323,008 individuals were missing on HBV/HCV status
  4. bThe dominated beverage type of each participant was defined as the beverage contributing ≥ 75% to the total pure alcohol volume. Otherwise, no dominated type of beverage was assigned
  5. cNever was defined as life-time nondrinkers; less-frequent defined as drinking less than twice per week; frequent defined as drinking three or four times per week; regular defined as drinking more than five times per week
  6. dHBV seropositivity defined as both antigen HBc > 100 and antigen HBe > 150; HCV seropositivity defined as both antigen Core > 150 and antigen NS3 > 150