Fig. 1

Association between plant-based diet indices and colorectal cancer risk, based on restricted cubic splines, among men and women in the Multiethnic Cohort Study, 1993–2017. The solid line indicates the hazard ratio, and the dashed lines indicate the 95% confidence intervals for adjusted estimates. The 4 knots are shown as the vertical dashed lines at 5th, 35th, 65th, and 95th percentiles. Models were adjusted for age at cohort entry, race and ethnicity, family history of colorectal cancer, history of colorectal polyp, body mass index, pack-years of cigarette smoking, multivitamin use, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, physical activity, menopausal hormone therapy use for women only, alcohol consumption, and total energy intake. PDI, overall plant-based diet index; hPDI, healthful plant-based diet index; uPDI, unhealthful plant-based diet index