Table 1 Descriptive characteristics of participants in the UK Biobank study by hypertension

Age (years, mean ± SD)

55.2 ± 8.1

60.1 ± 6.9

< 0.001

Sex, male (n, %)

158,626 (43.0)

35,676 (52.4)

< 0.001

Race, White (n, %)

348,077 (94.3)

63,621 (93.4)

< 0.001

TDI (mean ± SD)

− 1.4 ± 3.0

− 1.1 ± 3.2

< 0.001

BMI (kg/m², mean ± SD)

26.8 ± 4.5

29.2 ± 5.1

< 0.001

BMI (kg/m², n, %)

< 0.001

 Normal (< 25 kg/m²)

138,021 (37.4)

13,258 (19.5)

 Overweight (25 to 29.9 kg/m²)

156,150 (42.3)

29,324 (43.0)

 Obesity (≥ 30 kg/m²)

73,212 (19.8)

25,103 (36.8)

 Missing value

1,654 (0.5)

463 (0.7)

Physical activity (MET, Min/week, mean ± SD)

2680.2 ± 2706.5

2591.1 ± 2733.2

< 0.001

Smoke status (n, %)

< 0.001

 Never

33,020 (48.4)

210,703 (57.1)

 Previous

27,366 (40.2)

119,044 (32.3)

 Current

7,418 (10.9)

38,123 (10.3)

 Missing value

344 (0.5)

1,167 (0.3)

Alcohol drinker status (n, %)

< 0.001

 Never

15,300 (4.1)

3,646 (5.3)

 Previous

11,646 (3.2)

2,921 (4.3)

 Current

341,733 (92.6)

61,464 (90.2)

 Missing value

358 (0.1)

117 (0.2)

Diabetes baseline (n, %)

10,258 (2.8)

7,483 (11.0)

< 0.001

Maternal smoking around birth (n, %)

97,156 (28.8)

19,130 (30.8)

< 0.001

Breasted as a baby (n, %)

40,031 (76.3)

216,424 (71.3)

< 0.001