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Table 2 Adjusted hazard ratio and 95% confidence intervals of hypertension by different environmental exposures. Case/Control means participants who had hypertension /had no hypertension

From: Interactions among maternal smoking, breastfeeding, and offspring genetic factors on the risk of adult-onset hypertension

Category of exposure

No. of cases/controls

Follow-up time (years, mean ± SD)

Model 1

Model 2

HR (95% CI)

P-value

HR (95% CI)

P-value

Maternal smoking

 No

43,010/240,235

8.5 ± 1.7

Ref

 

Ref

 

 Yes

19,130/97,156

8.5 ± 1.7

1.17 (1.14, 1.20)

< 0.001

1.11 (1.09, 1.13)

< 0.001

Breastfeeding

 No

12,420/87,204

8.3 ± 2.0

Ref

 

Ref

 

 Yes

40,031/216,424

8.1 ± 2.2

0.97 (0.94, 1.00)

0.088

0.96 (0.94, 0.98)

8.46E−04

  1. Model 1, age (continuous), sex (male, female)
  2. Model 2, adjusted for age (continuous), sex (male, female), race (White/Mixed/Asian or Asian British/Black or Black British), UK Biobank assessment centre, Townsend Deprivation index (continuous), alcohol consumption (never, previous, current, missing), smoking status (never, previous, current, missing), body mass index (< 25 kg/m2, 25 to 29.9 kg/m2, ≥ 30 kg/m2, missing), physical activity (continuous), and diabetes at baseline (yes/no)
  3. Abbreviations: SD standard deviation, HR hazard ratio, and CI confidence interval