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Table 3 The joint association of maternal smoking and breastfeeding on incident hypertension in participants with different genetic risk

From: Interactions among maternal smoking, breastfeeding, and offspring genetic factors on the risk of adult-onset hypertension

Hypertension PRS (tertiles)

Category of exposure

HR (95% CI)

P

P for interaction

 

Maternal smoking

   

Low genetic risk

No

Ref

Ref

0.148

Yes

1.14 (1.09, 1.19)

3.95E−08

 

Intermediate genetic risk

No

1.29 (1.25, 1.33)

< 0.001

 

Yes

1.40 (1.34, 1.46)

< 0.001

 

High genetic risk

No

1.66 (1.60, 1.71)

< 0.001

 

Yes

1.80 (1.73, 1.87)

< 0.001

 
 

Breastfeeding

   

Low genetic risk

Yes

Ref

Ref

0.378

No

1.04 (0.99, 1.09)

0.165

 

Intermediate genetic risk

Yes

1.25 (1.21, 1.30)

< 0.001

 

No

1.37 (1.31, 1.43)

< 0.001

 

High genetic risk

Yes

1.64 (1.59, 1.69)

< 0.001

 

No

1.67 (1.60, 1.74)

< 0.001

 
  1. Adjusted for age (continuous), sex (male, female), UK Biobank assessment centre, Townsend Deprivation index (continuous), alcohol consumption (never, previous, current, missing), smoking status (never, previous, current, missing), body mass index (< 25 kg/m2, 25 to 29.9 kg/m2, ≥ 30 kg/m2, missing), physical activity (continuous), and diabetes at baseline (yes/no), genotyping batch, and the first 4 genetic principal components
  2. Abbreviations: HR hazard rations, CI confidence interval, PRS polygenic risk score