First author, year, cohort name (reference number) | Population under investigation | Number of individuals (% women) | Mean age in years | Follow-up in years | Percentage of individuals that developed heart failure (stage C/D) | Determinants of progression towards heart failure | Distinction between HFpEF and HFrEF | Sex-stratified analyses | Sex included in multivariable model. If included: independent predictor? |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ren, 2007, Heart and Soul study [85] | Stable CAD | 639 (19%) | 67 | 3 | 7% in those with mild diastolic dysfunction 11% in those with moderate-severe LVDD | Not investigated | No | Not performed | Yes, independence not reported |
From, 2010, Olmsted County [82] | Diabetes mellitus | 1760 (51%) | 60 | 5 | 17% in those with diabetes 37% in those with diastolic dysfunction and diabetes | Not investigated | No | Not performed | Yes, not independent |
Correa de Sa, 2010 [81] | Moderate or severe LVDD | 82 (55%) | 69 | 2 | In those with moderate or severe LVDD 1.9% developed HF according to Framingham criteria and 31% developed signs or symptoms suggestive of HF (not explained by other conditions) | Peripheral vascular disease, hypertension | No | Not performed | No |
Kane, 2011, Olmsted County [78] | General | 1402 (51%) | 61 | 6.3 | 7.8% in those mild diastolic dysfunction 12.2% in those with moderate-severe LVDD | Age, hypertension, diabetes, CAD, E/e′ ratio and LAVI | No | Not performed | No |
Lam 2011, Framingham Heart Study [8] | General | 1038 (61%) | 76 | 11 | 23.8% of the population developed HF (~ 40% = HFpEF) | Renal impairment, airflow limitation and anemia | Yes | Not performed | Yes, independence not reported |
Vogel, 2012, Olmsted County [79] | General | 388 (57%) | 67 | 3 | 11.6% in those with grade II to IV LVDD | Age, right ventricular systolic pressure, GFR < 60 mL/min per 1.73 m2 | No | Not performed | No |
Kuznetsova, 2014, FLEMENGHO [86] | General | 793 (51.5%) | 51 | 4.8 | Incidence of cardiac event (including HF): 1.8% in normal LV diastolic function group 9.2% in impaired relaxation group 18.6% in elevated filling pressure | e′ tissue doppler velocity | No | Not performed | Yes, independence not reported |
Yang, 2016 [80] | At risk for HF | 428 (52%) | 70 | 1.2 | 12.4% developed HF symptoms or died | Age, Charlson comorbidity score, GLS, LA enlargement | No | Not performed | Yes, not independent |
Shah, 2017, ARIC [87] | General population (also including HF patients) | 6118 (58%) | 75.3 | 1.8 | 0.8% in group with stage A HF 3.4% in group with stage B HF | Structural abnormalities, systolic dysfunction, diastolic dysfunction | No | Not performed, sex and age specific echocardiography cut-offs were used | Yes, independence not reported |
Pugliese, 2020 [83] | General population (also including HF patients) | 304 (35%) | 66 | 1.5 | Incidence of HF hospitalization: 4.4% in group with stage A HF 15% in group with stage B HF | Resting NT- proBNP > 900 pg/mL, peak VO2 < 16 mL/kg/min, VE/VCO2 slope ≥ 36, peak PAPs ≥ 50 mmHg, and Δ B-lines > 10 | No | Not performed | No, not independent |
Bobenko, 2020, DIAST-CHF [88] | At risk for HF | 851 (44%) | 66 | 10 | Signs or symptoms of HF: 54% in those without elevated filling pressures and 65% in those with elevated filling pressures | Not investigated | No | Not performed | Yes, independence not reported |