Impact of parasite genomic dynamics on the sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum isolates to piperaquine and other antimalarial drugs

Table 3 Frequency of antimalarial resistance polymorphisms in P. falciparum isolates collected from Kenya between 2008 and 2021

Polymorphism	2008–2013	2018–2021	P-value
Polymorphism	n (%)	n (%)
Pfmdr1 N86Y	9 (25.7)	0 (0)	0.1674
Pfmdr1 Y184F	16 (43.2)	3 (42.9)	> 0.999
Pfcrt K76T	11 (39.3)	0 (0)	0.0357**
Pfdhps S436F/A	0 (0)	3 (75)	0.0227**
Pfdhps A437G	8 (50)	0 (0)	0.0218**
Pfdhps A581G	0 (0)	0 (0)	NA
Pfdhps A613S	0 (0)	0 (0)	NA
Pfdhfr C59R	18 (81.8)	13 (100)	0.2735
Pfdhfr I164L	2 (9.5)	0 (0)	0.5343

Pfmdr1 Plasmodium falciparum multi-drug resistance 1 gene, Pfcrt Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter gene, Pfdhps Plasmodium falciparum dihydropteroate synthetase, Pfdhfr Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase, NA not applicable
** P < 0.05 consistent with statistically significant differences in frequency of polymorphisms across the period by Fisher exact test

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