Plasma metabolomic profiling of dietary patterns associated with glucose metabolism status: The Maastricht Study

Table 3 Associations of dietary patterns with HOMA-IR and HbA1c in The Maastricht Study

Variables	Overall			Male			Female			Obesity (BMI≥30)			Non-obesity (BMI<30)
Variables	β	95% CI	P	β	95% CI	P	β	95% CI	P	β	95% CI	P	β	95% CI	P
*HOMA-IR*
MED	−0.086	−0.111, −0.061	<0.001	−0.094	−0.132, −0.056	<0.001	−0.082	−0.114, −0.051	<0.001	−0.058	−0.130, 0.014	0.114	−0.056	−0.077, −0.036	<0.001
DASH	−0.034	−0.043, −0.024	<0.001	−0.136	−0.213, −0.058	<0.001	−0.029	−0.043, −0.015	<0.001	−0.030	−0.057, 0.004	0.065	−0.018	−0.026, −0.011	<0.001
DHD	−0.013	−0.016, −0.010	<0.001	−0.009	−0.013, −0.006	<0.001	−0.011	−0.015, −0.007	<0.001	−0.009	−0.017, 0.001	0.076	−0.007	−0.010, −0.005	<0.001
*HbA1c*
MED	−0.716	−0.913, −0.519	<0.001	−0.404	−0.636, −0.173	<0.001	−1.075	−1.382, −0.766	<0.001	−1.052	−1.586, −0.519	<0.001	−0.415	−0.603, −0.226	<0.001
DASH	−0.191	−0.262, −0.121	<0.001	−0.187	−0.269, −0.104	<0.001	−0.187	−0.269, −0.104	<0.001	−0.335	−0.531, −0.139	<0.001	−0.061	−0.129, −0.006	0.007
DHD	−0.098	−0.120, −0.076	<0.001	−0.049	−0.076, −0.021	<0.001	−0.092	−0.128, −0.057	<0.001	−0.148	−0.207, −0.089	<0.001	−0.044	−0.065, −0.023	<0.001

The intervals of glucose metabolism statuses were defined as follows: NGM, fasting plasma glucose <6.1 mmol/L; prediabetes, fasting plasma glucose of 6.1–6.9 mmol/L and no hypoglycaemic medications; type 2 diabetes, fasting plasma glucose ≥7.0 mmol/L or hypoglycaemic medications
The adjustments included age (years, continuous), sex (male or female), BMI (kg/m², continuous), level of education (low, middle or high), level of household income (<2000 euros/month, 2000–3750 euros/month, or ≥3750 euros/month), smoking status (never, current or former smoker), daily energy intake (kcal/d, continuous), daily glucose intake (mmol/mol, continuous), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR, ml/min, continuous), total physical activity (h/week, continuous), usage of lipid-modification medication (no or yes), history of cardiovascular disease (no or yes), and the year for metabolomics measurement (2014 or 2016) if applicable
Reference group was tertile 1
P<0.05 was considered statistically significant
Abbreviations: NGM normal glucose metabolism, BMI body mass index, kcal kilocalories, MED Mediterranean Diet, DASH Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet, DHD Dutch Healthy Diet, HOMA-IR homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, HbA1c haemoglobin A1c

ISSN: 1741-7015