Plasma metabolomic profiling of dietary patterns associated with glucose metabolism status: The Maastricht Study

Table 4 Relative risk of type 2 diabetes according to identified metabolite measures

Variables	Relative risk of type 2 diabetes
Variables	RR	95% CI
Type 2 diabetes vs. NGM
APOA1	0.82	0.75, 0.89
DHA	0.97	0.79, 1.15
Isoleucine	1.12	0.81, 1.57
Ratio of DHA to total fatty acids	1.01	0.93, 1.09
Ratio of ω-6 to ω-3	1.21	0.94, 1.56
Type 2 diabetes vs. prediabetes
APOA1	0.60	0.55, 0.65
DHA	0.89	0.83, 0.97
Isoleucine	1.16	0.93, 1.47
Ratio of DHA to total fatty acids	0.94	0.82, 1.06
Ratio of ω-6 to ω-3	1.29	1.05, 1.43

The intervals of glucose metabolism statuses were defined as follows: NGM, fasting plasma glucose <6.1 mmol/L; prediabetes, fasting plasma glucose of 6.1–6.9 mmol/L and no hypoglycaemic medications; type 2 diabetes, fasting plasma glucose ≥7.0 mmol/L or hypoglycaemic medications
The adjustments included age (years, continuous), sex (male or female), BMI (kg/m², continuous), level of education (low, middle or high), level of household income (<2000 euros/month, 2000–3750 euros/month, or ≥3750 euros/month), smoking status (never, current or former smoker), daily energy intake (kcal/d, continuous), daily glucose intake (mmol/mol, continuous), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR, ml/min, continuous), total physical activity (h/week, continuous), usage of lipid-modification medication (no or yes), history of cardiovascular disease (no or yes), and the year for metabolomics measurement (2014 or 2016)
Reference group was tertile 1
P<0.05 was considered statistically significant
Abbreviations: NGM normal glucose metabolism, RR relative risk, BMI body mass index, kcal kilocalories, MED Mediterranean Diet, DASH Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet, DHD Dutch Healthy Diet, CI confidence interval, APOA1 apolipoprotein A-I (g/l), DHA, 22:6 docosahexaenoic acid (mmol/l)

ISSN: 1741-7015