Table 1 Characteristics of the total study population
From: Risk for newly diagnosed diabetes after COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis
First author (year) | Group | Population | Age (years), mean (SD or range), or median (IQR) | Gender (proportion) | Event number | Follow-up time | Levels of COVID-19 severity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Xie, 2022 [35] | COVID-19 group | 181,280 | 60.92 (17.02) | Male: 159,666 (88.08%) Female: 21,614 (11.92%) | 7871 | 352 (IQR 244–406) days | Not hospitalized; hospitalized; intensive care |
Control group | 4,118,441 | 61.5 (17.08) | Male: 3,655,034 (88.75%) Female: 463,407 (11.25%) | 127,002 | 352 (245–406) days | Not applicable | |
Rathmann, 2022 [31] | COVID-19 group | 181,280 | 42.6 (19.1) | Male: 164,918 (54.4%) Female: 16,362 (45.6%) | 241 | 119 (IQR 0–210)days | Mild COVID-19 |
Control group | 4,118,441 | 42.6 (19.1) | Male: 2,240,432 (54.4%) Female: 16,370 (45.6%) | 228 | 161 (IQR 4–225)days | Not applicable | |
Qeadan, 2022 [33] | COVID-19 group | 2,489,266 | Not reported | Male: 1,081,608 (46.1%) Female: 1,264,069 (53.9%) | 5163 | Not reported | Unavailable |
Control group | 24,803,613 | Not reported | Male: 10,579,475 (45.9%) Female: 12,491,493 (54.1%) | 36,348 | Not reported | Not applicable | |
Collaborative, 2022 [34] | COVID-19 group | 77,347 | 68 | Male: 39,808 (51.5%) Female: 37,539 (48.5%) | 670 | 274 days | Hospitalized COVID-19 |
Control group | 386,669 | 68 | Male: 199,013 (51.5%) Female: 187,656 (48.5%) | 2763 | 274 days | Not applicable | |
Cohen, 2022 [30] | COVID-19 group | 87,337 | 75 (71–82) | Male: 58,110 (44%) Female: 29,227 (56%) | 2463 | 64 (IQR 23–150) days | Not hospitalized: 63,690 Hospitalized: 23,486 |
Control group | 87,337 | 74 (70–80) | Male: 42% Female: 58% | 1249 | 64 (IQR 23–150) days | Not applicable | |
Birabaharan, 2022 [32] | COVID-19 group | 282,105 | Not reported | Not reported | 2320 | 180 days | Mild COVID-19: 276,748 Moderate/severe COVID-19: 5357 |
Control group | 286,275 | Not reported | Not reported | 1916 | 180 days | Not applicable | |
Barrett [IQVIA database], 2022 [29] | COVID-19 group | 80,839 | 12.3 (4.3) | Male: 404,465 (49.9%) Female: 40,517 (50.1%) | 68 | 362 days | Hospitalized: 6473 (0.4) |
Control group | 404,465 | 12.3 (4.3) | Male: 58,110 (49.9%) Female: 201,880 (50.1) | 132 | 362 days | Not applicable | |
Barrett [Health Verity database], 2022 [29] | COVID-19 group | 439,439 | 12.7 (3.8) | Male: 219,427 (49.9%) Female: 220,012 (50.1%) | 1120 | 484 days | Hospitalized: 13,118 (3.0) |
Control group | 439,439 | 12.7 (3.8) | Male: 219,427 (49.9%) Female: 220,012 (50.1%) | 853 | 484 days | Not applicable | |
Ayoubkhani, 2021 [36] | COVID-19 group | 36,100 | 60.9 ± 17.02 | Male: 54.9% Female: 45.1% | 400 | 140 days | Intensive unit care (ICU): 4745 Non-ICU: 43,035 |
Control group | 36,100 | 61.5 ± 17.08 | Male: 54.9% Female: 45.1% | 125 | 140 days | Not applicable | |
Daugherty, 2021 [37] | COVID-19 group | 193,113 | 41.7 ± 13.9 | Male: 47.6% Female: 52.4% | 1237 | 87 (IQR 45–124)days | Mild and hospitalized COVID-19 |
Control group | 193,113 | 41.6 ± 13.8 | Males: 47.5% Female: 52.5% | 649 | 87 (IQR 45–124)days | Not applicable |