Table 1 Prevalence of current smokeless tobacco use among adolescents aged 12–16 years in 138 countries by sex, age group, cigarette smoking, other tobacco product use, parental smoking, WHO region, and World Bank income, 2010–2019
Group | No of countries | Prevalence of current smokeless tobacco use, % (95% CI) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall | Boys | Girls | P-value (boys vs. girls) | 12–14 years | 15–16 years | P-value (12–14 vs. 15–16 years) | ||
Total | 138 | 4.4 (4.0–4.9) | 5.7 (5.1–6.3) | 3.1 (2.6–3.5) | <0.0001# | 3.9 (3.5–4.4) | 5.4 (4.8–5.9) | <0.0001# |
Cigarette smoking | ||||||||
No | 138 | 3.0 (2.6–3.5) | 3.8 (3.2–4.4) | 2.2 (1.8–2.7) | <0.0001# | 2.8 (2.4–3.3) | 3.5 (2.9–4.0) | 0.0019 |
Yes | 138 | 14.3 (12.6–16.1) | 16.7 (14.6–18.8) | 9.6 (7.7–11.4) | <0.0001# | 13.1 (10.9–15.3) | 15.7 (13.5–17.8) | 0.059 |
P-value | <0.0001# | <0.0001# | <0.0001# | <0.0001# | <0.0001# | |||
Other tobacco product use | ||||||||
No | 132 | 3.2 (2.8–3.7) | 4.1 (3.5–4.8) | 2.4 (1.9–2.9) | <0.0001# | 2.9 (2.5–3.4) | 3.9 (3.2–4.5) | <0.0001# |
Yes | 132 | 22.5 (20.1–24.8) | 23.7 (20.6–26.7) | 20.0 (17.0–23.0) | 0.077 | 21.7 (18.6–24.7) | 23.4 (20.3–26.5) | 0.38 |
P-value | <0.0001# | <0.0001# | <0.0001# | <0.0001# | <0.0001# | |||
Parental smoking | ||||||||
Neither | 87 | 4.7 (3.7–5.6) | 5.8 (4.5–7.0) | 3.6 (2.6–4.6) | 0.0002# | 4.2 (3.2–5.2) | 5.5 (4.4–6.7) | 0.0008 |
Father only | 87 | 4.4 (3.9–4.9) | 5.9 (5.1–6.7) | 3.0 (2.4–3.6) | <0.0001# | 3.8 (3.2–4.3) | 5.9 (5.0–6.9) | <0.0001# |
Mother only | 87 | 5.6 (4.4–6.7) | 8.0 (5.9–10.1) | 3.3 (2.2–4.3) | <0.0001# | 4.8 (3.4–6.2) | 6.9 (5.0–8.7) | 0.043 |
Both | 87 | 9.8 (8.4–11.2) | 11.6 (9.5–13.7) | 8.1 (6.3–9.9) | 0.012 | 9.7 (7.9–11.5) | 10.0 (7.9–12.1) | 0.84 |
P-value | <0.0001# | <0.0001# | <0.0001# | <0.0001# | <0.0001# | |||
WHO region | ||||||||
Africa | 23 | 5.4 (4.7–6.2) | 6.5 (5.5–7.6) | 4.3 (3.7–5.0) | <0.0001# | 4.9 (4.1–5.8) | 6.1 (5.3–6.9) | 0.0038 |
Americas | 30 | 3.2 (2.8–3.6) | 4.4 (3.8–5.0) | 2.0 (1.6–2.4) | <0.0001# | 3.0 (2.6–3.4) | 3.6 (3.0–4.3) | 0.056 |
Eastern Mediterranean | 23 | 4.8 (4.1–5.4) | 6.7 (5.7–7.8) | 2.7 (2.1–3.2) | <0.0001# | 4.5 (3.6–5.3) | 5.3 (4.4–6.3) | 0.15 |
Europe | 31 | 2.7 (2.3–3.0) | 3.4 (2.8–3.9) | 1.9 (1.5–2.3) | 0.0001# | 2.1 (1.8–2.5) | 3.6 (3.1–4.2) | <0.0001# |
South–East Asia | 9 | 6.1 (4.4–7.7) | 7.4 (5.3–9.4) | 4.5 (2.8–6.3) | 0.0089 | 5.0 (3.6–6.5) | 9.2 (6.8–11.7) | <0.0001# |
Western Pacific | 22 | 2.0 (1.7–2.4) | 2.4 (1.9–2.8) | 1.7 (1.3–2.1) | 0.0012 | 1.8 (1.4–2.2) | 2.5 (1.9–3.0) | 0.028 |
P-value | <0.0001# | <0.0001# | <0.0001# | <0.0001# | <0.0001# | |||
World Bank income | ||||||||
Low income | 20 | 4.7 (4.1–5.4) | 5.3 (4.2–6.5) | 4.0 (3.3–4.8) | 0.064 | 4.4 (3.7–5.1) | 5.4 (4.3–6.5) | 0.082 |
Lower-middle income | 40 | 5.5 (4.3–6.7) | 7.1 (5.6–8.6) | 3.8 (2.6–5.0) | <0.0001# | 5.0 (3.8–6.2) | 6.4 (5.0–7.9) | 0.0084 |
Upper-middle income | 45 | 3.8 (3.4–4.2) | 5.3 (4.7–5.9) | 2.3 (1.9–2.7) | <0.0001# | 3.3 (2.9–3.7) | 4.8 (4.1–5.5) | <0.0001# |
High income | 33 | 2.8 (2.4–3.1) | 3.8 (3.3–4.4) | 1.6 (1.3–1.9) | <0.0001# | 1.9 (1.7–2.2) | 4.2 (3.6–4.8) | <0.0001# |
P-value | <0.0001# | 0.0003# | <0.0001# | <0.0001# | 0.017 | |||