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Table 3 Proportions of countries/territories with upward, downward, and unchanged trends in current smokeless tobacco use among adolescents aged 12–16 years in 100 countries from 1999 to 2019

From: Prevalence and trend of smokeless tobacco use and its associated factors among adolescents aged 12–16 years in 138 countries/territories, 1999–2019

Group

No. of countries

Proportions of countries/territories with different trends in current smokeless tobacco use (%)

Overall

Boys

Girls

12–14 years

15–16 years

Downward#

Upward#

Unchanged

Downward#

Upward#

Unchanged

Downward#

Upward#

Unchanged

Downward#

Upward#

Unchanged

Downward#

Upward#

Unchanged

Total

100

57.0

32.0

11.0

55.0

33.0

12.0

61.0

23.0

16.0

59.0

26.0

15.0

49.0

39.0

12.0

WHO region

 Africa

17

70.6

17.6

11.8

64.7

23.5

11.8

76.5

17.6

5.9

64.7

17.6

17.6

70.6

23.5

5.9

 Americas

23

73.9

13.0

13.0

69.6

13.0

17.4

78.3

4.3

17.4

78.3

4.3

17.4

56.5

30.4

13.0

 Eastern Mediterranean

16

31.3

56.3

12.5

37.5

62.5

0.0

50.0

43.8

6.3

37.5

50.0

12.5

37.5

62.5

0.0

 Europe

24

41.7

50.0

8.3

37.5

50.0

12.5

41.7

29.2

29.2

45.8

41.7

12.5

37.5

45.8

16.7

 South-East Asia

10

70.0

30.0

0.0

70.0

30.0

0.0

70.0

30.0

0.0

70.0

30.0

0.0

50.0

50.0

0.0

 Western Pacific

10

60.0

20.0

20.0

60.0

10.0

30.0

50.0

20.0

30.0

60.0

10.0

30.0

40.0

20.0

40.0

World Bank income

 Low income

16

62.5

37.5

0.0

56.3

43.8

0.0

68.8

25.0

6.3

50.0

37.5

12.5

56.3

43.8

0.0

 Lower-middle income

32

62.5

28.1

9.4

62.5

31.3

6.3

71.9

21.9

6.3

65.6

25.0

9.4

59.4

37.5

3.1

 Upper-middle income

32

53.1

31.3

15.6

46.9

31.3

21.9

53.1

21.9

25.0

56.3

25.0

18.8

43.8

40.6

15.6

 High income

20

50.0

35.0

15.0

55.0

30.0

15.0

50.0

25.0

25.0

60.0

20.0

20.0

35.0

35.0

30.0

  1. Data are presented as %
  2. WHO, World Health Organization
  3. Chi-square trend test was used to examine the trend in prevalence across all survey years (detailed results are listed in Table S4; Bonferroni’s corrected critical significance level is set at 0.0005 (0.05/100))
  4. # P for trend <0.0005; P for trend >0.0005)