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Table 1 Number of extracted VE records of partial, full, and booster immunization for any or severe COVID-19 according to investigated predictors (including the number of studies in brackets)

From: Risk factors affecting COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness identified from 290 cross-country observational studies until February 2022: a meta-analysis and meta-regression

Predictors

Vaccine

mRNA

AdV

Immunization against

Any COVID-19

Severe COVID-19

Any COVID-19

Severe COVID-19

Number of vaccine doses

1

2

3

1

2

3

1

2

1

2

COVID-19

Infection

423 (109)

1165 (160)

76 (14)

   

91 (29)

180 (42)

  

Disease

146 (48)

630 (69)

50 (6)

   

59 (20)

220 (26)

  

Hospitalization

   

234 (50)

791 (96)

85 (18)

  

78 (23)

220 (38)

Death

   

51 (28)

199 (42)

12 (7)

  

37 (17)

104 (26)

Study termination

Jan–Feb 2021

97 (24)

61 (13)

 

39 (5)

20 (2)

 

7 (3)

 

13 (1)

 

Mar–Apr 2021

100 (39)

160 (52)

 

53 (17)

81 (20)

 

12 (4)

7 (3)

3 (3)

5 (2)

May–Jun 2021

124 (35)

230 (57)

 

70 (18)

123 (26)

 

65 (22)

88 (24)

40 (15)

70 (16)

Jul–Aug 2021

68 (12)

271 (32)

 

59 (9)

132 (20)

 

34 (7)

89 (15)

44 (9)

60 (13)

Sep–Oct 2021

117 (19)

775 (37)

 

35 (11)

410 (26)

 

15 (5)

180 (20)

13 (6)

156 (17)

Nov–Dec 2021

25 (8)

202 (25)

77 (13)

18 (5)

174 (18)

66 (14)

15 (2)

23 (8)

2 (1)

33 (5)

Jan–Feb 2021

38 (3)

96 (8)

49 (7)

11 (2)

50 (9)

31 (7)

2 (1)

13 (2)

  

Variants

Untyped

413 (111)

1262 (158)

56 (9)

221 (55)

770 (94)

71 (14)

122 (36)

272 (50)

97 (30)

256 (43)

α, β, γ

58 (16)

78 (21)

 

33 (8)

49 (16)

 

14 (5)

10 (5)

7 (2)

8 (2)

δ

77 (23)

380 (47)

29 (10)

30 (9)

150 (25)

12 (7)

13 (7)

109 (16)

11 (5)

60 (10)

ο

21 (4)

75 (16)

41 (12)

1 (1)

21 (8)

14 (8)

1 (1)

9 (4)

  

Commercial vaccine

BNT162b2

341 (91)

927 (137)

52 (12)

154 (36)

458 (70)

35 (8)

    

mRNA-1273

92 (29)

504 (57)

43 (9)

48 (14)

247 (39)

19 (6)

    

ChAdOx1

      

144 (39)

185 (40)

108 (29)

167 (28)

Ad26.COV2.S

       

187 (20)

 

111 (18)

Sex

Men

22 (12)

60 (17)

4 (2)

4 (3)

15 (7)

2 (1)

1 (1)

3 (2)

1 (1)

5 (3)

Women

25 (14)

51 (20)

4 (2)

4 (3)

14 (7)

2 (1)

1 (1)

3 (2)

1 (1)

5 (3)

Age

<18 years

45 (8)

98 (14)

 

2 (2)

12 (6)

1 (1)

 

14 (1)

  

18–65 years

110 (29)

430 (50)

17 (5)

76 (19)

232 (40)

20 (7)

30 (10)

108 (16)

25 (9)

77 (19)

>65 years

105 (30)

251 (51)

8 (5)

72 (22)

221 (43)

11 (7)

31 (12)

68 (17)

35 (11)

98 (22)

Comorbidities

Undetermined

510 (123)

1 680 (179)

110 (19)

241 (57)

881 (104)

81 (20)

138 (40)

385 (56)

94 (32)

296 (46)

Specified

59 (17)

115 (31)

16 (5)

44 (16)

109 (30)

16 (6)

12 (2)

15 (8)

21 (3)

28 (8)

Population

General

426 (69)

1 520 (117)

115 (17)

254 (46)

893 (88)

87 (18)

126 (28)

372 (45)

109 (29)

309 (40)

HCW

101 (44)

185 (51)

 

8 (4)

17 (2)

 

18 (11)

14 (10)

6 (4)

8 (5)

HRG

42 (21)

90 (30)

11 (3)

23 (15)

80 (25)

10 (2)

6 (2)

14 (6)

 

7 (4)

  1. AdV adenoviral vector vaccine, HCWs healthcare workers, HRG high-risk group (individuals living in long-term care or residential homes)