Table 2 Baseline characteristics of study participants

Number of samples

586

871

65

96

100

Age (year)

58.4 ± 11.6

58.7 ± 9.7

0.593

59.3 ± 5.9

60.6 ± 6.7

59.8 ± 6.6

0.434

Sex, male (%)

292 (49.8)

548 (62.9)

< 0.001

32 (49.2)

48 (50.0)

51 (51.0)

0.987

Body mass index (kg/m²)

26.5 ± 3.6

26.2 ± 3.9

0.138

23.1 ± 1.9

22.6 ± 1.5

22.1 ± 1.4

< 0.001

Waist circumference (cm)

91.6 ± 8.7

83.7 ± 5.6

< 0.001

90.5 ± 8.4

84.7 ± 6.3

83.2 ± 5.8

< 0.001

SBP (mm Hg)

159.8 ± 24.8

117.7 ± 12.1

< 0.001

158.2 ± 19.1

144.3 ± 14.9

111.4 ± 7.6

< 0.001

DBP (mm Hg)

92.0 ± 15.4

74.3 ± 8.9

< 0.001

94.9 ± 11.3

87.3 ± 10.5

69.2 ± 5.3

< 0.001

Smoke (%)

124 (21.2)

164 (18.8)

0.273

14 (21.5)

19 (19.8)

19 (19.0)

0.912

Alcohol (%)

91 (15.6)

141 (16.2)

0.736

11 (16.9)

16 (16.7)

16 (16.0)

0.980

Hyperlipidemia (%)

319 (54.4)

0

< 0.001

36 (55.4)

0

0

< 0.001

Coronary heart disease (%)

171 (29.2)

0

< 0.001

19 (29.2)

2 (2.1)

0

< 0.001

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (%)

213 (36.3)

0

< 0.001

25 (38.5)

2 (2.1)

0

< 0.001

Stroke (%)

149 (25.4)

0

< 0.001

14 (21.5)

0

0

< 0.001

Family history of hypertension (%)

379 (64.7)

0

< 0.001

41 (63.1)

59 (61.5)

0

< 0.001

Antihypertensive drugs

Calcium channel blocker, n (%)

530 (90.4)

0

< 0.001

59 (90.8)

63 (65.6)

0

< 0.001

ARB or ACEi, n (%)

372 (63.5)

0

< 0.001

43 (66.2)

46 (47.9)

0

< 0.001

Beta-blocker, n (%)

295 (50.3)

0

< 0.001

34 (52.3)

33 (34.4)

0

< 0.001

Diuretics, n (%)

511 (87.2)

0

< 0.001

57 (87.7)

10 (10.4)

0

< 0.001