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Table 1 Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of individuals by clinical stage (N = 2093)

From: Clinical staging and the differential risks for clinical and functional outcomes in young people presenting for youth mental health care

 

Number of individuals

 

Comparisona

 

Group

    

Characteristic

Stage 1a

Stage 1b

Stage 2+

P valuea

1b v 1a

2+ v 1a

1b v 2+

Stage at baseline, (%)

650 (31.1)

1279 (61.1)

164 (7.8)

NA

NA

NA

NA

Mean age (y), (SD)

17.13 (3.26)

18.41 (3.22)

20.30 (2.90)

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

Female (%)

383 (58.9)

795 (62.2)

87 (53.0)

    

Social and occupational functioning

 Mean SOFAS score, (SD)b

66.96 (8.14)

60.86 (8.34)

55.91 (10.29)

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

 NEET (%)

49 (7.5)

227 (17.7)

58 (35.4)

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

Clinical presentation (%)

 Manic-like experiences

22 (3.4)

229 (17.9)

70 (42.7)

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

 Psychotic-like experiences

42 (6.5)

256 (20.0)

86 (52.4)

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

 Circadian disturbance

43 (6.6)

208 (16.3)

59 (36.0)

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

 Neurodevelopmental - ASD

25 (3.8)

58 (4.5)

7 (4.3)

    

 Neurodevelopmental - ADHD

57 (8.8)

111 (8.7)

8 (4.9)

    

 Neurodevelopmental - other

22 (3.4)

25 (2.0)

1 (0.6)

    

Personal history of mental illness (%)

 Any childhood disorder

70 (10.8)

202 (15.8)

24 (14.6)

    

 Any family history

262 (40.2)

656 (51.3)

89 (54.3)

<0.001

<0.001

  

Physical health comorbidities (%)

 Any major physical illness

96 (14.8)

193 (15.1)

37 (22.6)

    

Alcohol and/or substance misuse (%)

 Any alcohol and/or substance misuse

17 (2.6)

128 (10.0)

27 (16.5)

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

 

Treatment utilisation (%)

 Any hospitalisation

5 (0.8)

162 (12.7)

115 (70.1)

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

 Any psychiatric medication

111 (17.1)

704 (55.0)

149 (90.0)

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

Self-harm and suicidal thoughts and behaviours (%)

 Self-harm

146 (22.5)

650 (50.8)

73 (44.5)

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

 

 Suicidal ideation

194 (29.8)

733 (57.3)

101 (61.6)

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

 

 Suicide attempt

17 (2.6)

231 (18.1)

54 (32.9)

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

  1. Abbreviations: ADHD Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, ASD Autism spectrum disorder, NA Not applicable, NEET Not involved in employment, education, or training, SD Standard deviation, SOFAS Social and Occupational Functional Assessment Scale, v versus, y years
  2. aP<0.001 is the adjusted α level for statistical significance
  3. bSOFAS scores for eight individuals were missing (one from stage 1a, six from stage 1b, two from stage 2+)
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BMC Medicine

ISSN: 1741-7015

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