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Table 3 Associations between PPI exposure at different timepoints during pregnancy and maternal and neonatal health outcomes expressed as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) obtained by multiple logistic regression including all live births

From: Population-based cohort study: proton pump inhibitor use during pregnancy in Sweden and the risk of maternal and neonatal adverse events

PPI use

Pre-eclampsia

GDM

Preterm

AS5min < 7

SGA

LGA

Overall

1.19 (1.10–1.29)

1.29 (1.16–1.43)

1.23 (1.14–1.32)

1.07 (0.93–1.22)

1.27 (1.16–1.40)

0.84 (0.77–0.91)

Before pregnancy (3 months)

0.92 (0.79–1.06)

1.07 (0.88–1.30)

1.26 (1.12–1.42)

1.13 (0.89–1.44)

1.42 (1.11–1.82)

0.89 (0.71–1.12)

First trimester

0.91 (0.78–1.05)

1.20 (0.99–1.46)

1.16 (1.02–1.30)

1.06 (0.85–1.34)

1.25 (1.00–1.57)

0.81 (0.66–1.00)

Second trimester

1.38 (1.16–1.65)

0.97 (0.80–1.18)

1.58 (1.40–1.78)

1.15 (0.93–1.43)

1.06 (0.84–1.33)

0.87 (0.70–1.08)

Third trimester

1.45 (1.20–1.76)

1.20 (1.00–1.45)

0.54 (0.47–0.61)

0.84 (0.66–1.06)

0.85 (0.63–1.13)

0.79 (0.62–1.01)

Before/first trimester*

    

0.62 (0.42–0.90)

1.28 (0.90–1.80)

Second/third trimester**

0.64 (0.49–0.85)

   

1.46 (0.98–2.16)

1.41 (1.00–2.00)

  1. *Interaction term for PPI use 3 months before pregnancy and during the first trimester
  2. **Interaction term for PPI use in second and third trimesters of pregnancy
  3. Abbreviations: AS5min, Apgar score 5 min after birth; GDM, gestational diabetes; LGA, large for gestational age; PPI, proton pump inhibitor; SGA, small for gestational age