Table 1 Baseline characteristics of 18,062 patients with type 2 diabetes by frailty phenotype

Number of participants

18,062

6101 (33.8%)

10,073 (55.8%)

1888 (10.4%)

Age, mean (SD), years

59.4 (7.2)

59.6 (7.1)

59.3 (7.3)

59.5 (7.1)

0.074

BMI, mean (SD), kg/m²

31.3 (5.7)

30.0 (5.0)

31.6 (5.7)

34.0 (6.7)

< 0.001

Male, n (%)

11,311 (62.6%)

4119 (67.5%)

6226 (61.8%)

966 (51.2%)

< 0.001

White ethnicity, n (%)

16,027 (88.7%)

5564 (91.2%)

8840 (87.8%)

1623 (86.0%)

< 0.001

Townsend deprivation index, median (IQR)

− 1.5 (− 3.3 to 1.6)

− 2.1 (− 3.6 to 0.7)

− 1.4 (− 3.2 to 1.7)

0.0 (− 2.5 to 3.2)

< 0.001

Education, n (%)

< 0.001

 College or university

4855 (26.9%)

1807 (29.6%)

2688 (26.7%)

360 (19.1%)

 Vocational

2664 (14.7%)

978 (16.0%)

1429 (14.2%)

257 (13.6%)

 Upper secondary

1796 (9.9%)

622 (10.2%)

1010 (10.0%)

164 (8.7%)

 Lower secondary

4461 (24.7%)

1442 (23.6%)

2590 (25.7%)

429 (22.7%)

 Others

4071 (22.5%)

1198 (19.6%)

2233 (22.2%)

640 (33.9%)

 Unknown

215 (1.2%)

54 (0.9%)

123 (1.2%)

38 (2.0%)

Annual household income, n (%), £

< 0.001

 < 18,000

5073 (28.1%)

1358 (22.3%)

2896 (28.8%)

819 (43.4%)

 18,000–30,999

4410 (24.4%)

1524 (25.0%)

2478 (24.6%)

408 (21.6%)

 31,000–51,999

3424 (19.0%)

1339 (21.9%)

1868 (18.5%)

217 (11.5%)

 52,000–100,000

2257 (12.5%)

922 (15.1%)

1234 (12.3%)

101 (5.3%)

 > 100,000

477 (2.6%)

194 (3.2%)

262 (2.6%)

21 (1.1%)

 Unknown

2421 (13.4%)

764 (12.5%)

1335 (13.3%)

322 (17.1%)

Smoking status, n (%)

< 0.001

 Never

7949 (44.0%)

2678 (43.9%)

4480 (44.5%)

791 (41.9%)

 Former

8029 (44.5%)

2816 (46.2%)

4449 (44.2%)

764 (40.5%)

 Current

2008 (11.1%)

584 (9.6%)

1104 (11.0%)

320 (16.9%)

 Unknown

76 (0.4%)

23 (0.4%)

40 (0.4%)

13 (0.7%)

Alcohol intake, median (IQR), g/day

9.7 (1.6 to 21.3)

11.9 (3.5 to 25.5)

8.7 (1.2 to 20.5)

2.8 (0.0 to 13.9)

< 0.001

Healthy diet score, mean (SD)

3.0 (2.0 to 4.0)

3.0 (2.0 to 4.0)

3.0 (2.0 to 4.0)

3.0 (2.0 to 4.0)

< 0.001

Physical activity, median (IQR), MET-h/week

23.1 (9.6 to 50.9)

33.5 (17.5 to 64.5)

21.3 (8.2 to 47.5)

5.0 (1.1 to 13.3)

< 0.001

Diabetes duration, n (%), years

< 0.001

 < 1

4757 (26.3%)

1698 (27.8%)

2648 (26.3%)

411 (21.8%)

 1–4.9

6152 (34.1%)

1983 (32.5%)

3508 (34.8%)

661 (35.0%)

 5–9.9

4408 (24.4%)

1517 (24.9%)

2421 (24.0%)

470 (24.9%)

 ≥ 10

2745 (15.2%)

903 (14.8%)

1496 (14.9%)

346 (18.3%)

Diabetes medication use, n (%)

< 0.001

 None

8192 (45.4%)

3037 (49.8%)

4467 (44.3%)

688 (36.4%)

 Only oral medication

8093 (44.8%)

2458 (40.3%)

4664 (46.3%)

971 (51.4%)

 Only insulin

671 (3.7%)

293 (4.8%)

318 (3.2%)

60 (3.2%)

 Insulin and oral medication

1106 (6.1%)

313 (5.1%)

624 (6.2%)

169 (9.0%)

HbA1c, n (%), mmol/mol

0.0360

 < 53.0

11,019 (61.0%)

3748 (61.4%)

6163 (61.2%)

1108 (58.7%)

 ≥ 53.0

5980 (33.1%)

2008 (32.9%)

3331 (33.1%)

641 (34.0%)

 Missing

1063 (5.9%)

345 (5.7%)

579 (5.7%)

139 (7.4%)

Antihypertensive medication use, n (%)

10,361 (57.4%)

3222 (52.8%)

5860 (58.2%)

1279 (67.7%)

< 0.001

Lipid-lowering treatment, n (%)

12,420 (68.8%)

3966 (65.0%)

7005 (69.5%)

1449 (76.7%)

< 0.001

Aspirin use, n (%)

7868 (43.6%)

2558 (41.9%)

4439 (44.1%)

871 (46.1%)

0.002

No. of long-term conditions, n (%)

< 0.001

 0

2853 (15.8%)

1234 (20.2%)

1510 (15.0%)

109 (5.8%)

 1

6084 (33.7%)

2357 (38.6%)

3370 (33.5%)

357 (18.9%)

 2

4874 (27.0%)

1559 (25.6%)

2793 (27.7%)

522 (27.6%)

 3

2553 (14.1%)

683 (11.2%)

1463 (14.5%)

407 (21.6%)

 4

1084 (6.0%)

188 (3.1%)

628 (6.2%)

268 (14.2%)

 ≥ 5

614 (3.4%)

80 (1.3%)

309 (3.1%)

225 (11.9%)

DMC cases, n (%)

3678 (20.4%)

1067 (17.5%)

2031 (20.2%)

580 (30.7%)

< 0.001

 One complication

3036 (16.8%)

911 (14.9%)

1666 (16.5%)

459 (24.3%)

< 0.001

  Nephropathy

2213 (12.3%)

588 (9.6%)

1235 (12.3%)

390 (20.7%)

< 0.001

  Retinopathy

1520 (8.4%)

481 (7.9%)

847 (8.4%)

192 (10.2%)

0.008

  Neuropathy

673 (3.7%)

168 (2.8%)

366 (3.6%)

139 (7.4%)

< 0.001

 Two complications

556 (3.1%)

142 (2.3%)

313 (3.1%)

101 (5.3%)

< 0.001

  Nephropathy + retinopathy

383 (2.1%)

92 (1.5%)

225 (2.2%)

66 (3.5%)

< 0.001

  Nephropathy + neuropathy

248 (1.4%)

51 (0.8%)

141 (1.4%)

56 (3.0%)

< 0.001

  Neuropathy + retinopathy

183 (1.0%)

41 (0.7%)

103 (1.0%)

39 (2.1%)

< 0.001

 Three complications

86 (0.5%)

14 (0.2%)

52 (0.5%)

20 (1.1%)

< 0.001