Table 1 General characteristics of PAE and control newborns as well as their mothers included in the phenotype analysis

Newborns

Sex

Gestational age

Birth weight

Birth length

HC

Placental weight

(male/female)

(weeks +days)

(g)

SD

(cm)

SD

(cm)

SD

(g)

all

without CS/IL

Control (n = 100)

mean (±SD)

52.0/

48.0%

40 +3 (±1 +0)

40 +4 (±1 +0)

n = 90

3661 (±366)

0.07 (±0.9)

51 (±2)

−0.24 (±0.7)

35.5 (±1.3)

0.25 (±0.9)

626.5 (±126.4)

PAE (n = 80)

mean (±SD)

42.5/57.5%

39 +4 (±1 +5)

39 +4 (±1 +6)

n = 60

3327 (±554)

−0.23 (±0.1)

49 (±3)

−0.50 (±0.8)

34.4 (±1.9)

−0.14 (±1.2)

596.6 (±136.7)

Difference between groups, P-value

0.231⁽³⁾

<.001⁽¹⁾

<.001⁽¹⁾

<.001⁽¹⁾

0.030⁽¹⁾

<.000⁽¹⁾

0.044⁽²⁾

<.000⁽¹⁾

0.012⁽²⁾

0.083⁽¹⁾

Early PAE (n = 27)

mean (±SD)

44.4/55.6%

40 +1 (±1 +5)

40 +2 (±1 +4)

n = 23

3526 (±440)

−0.06 (±0.8)

50 (±2)

−0.42 (±0.8)

34.5 (±1.7)

−0.24 (±1.2)

620.7 (±160.1)

Difference between groups, P-value

0.522⁽³⁾

0.804⁽¹⁾

0.884⁽¹⁾

0.147⁽²⁾

0.485⁽²⁾

0.267⁽¹⁾

0.333⁽²⁾

<.001⁽¹⁾

0.016⁽²⁾

0.843⁽¹⁾

Mothers

AUDIT score

Alcohol consumption

Smoking

Age

Parity

Pre-pregnancy BMI

Gestational weight gain

(ad)

(smokers/non-smokers

(years)

(kg/m²)

(kg)

Control (n = 100)

mean (±SD)

0.0/100%

31.6 (±4.6)

0.55 (±0.7)

22.8 (±3.5)

n = 99

15.1 (±3.8)

n = 88

PAE (n = 80)

mean (±SD)

18.5

(±8.4)

n = 44

24.8

(18.7)

n = 26

82.5/17.5%

29.5 (±6.8)

0.66 (±1.3)

25.4 (±5.9)

n = 67

12.4 (±6.7)

n = 56

Difference between groups, P-value

0.017⁽¹⁾

0.269⁽¹⁾

0.008⁽¹⁾

0.008⁽²⁾

Early PAE (n = 27)

mean (±SD)

19.9

(±7.2)

n = 18

31.5

(15.8)

n = 8

74.1/25.9%

27.1 (±5.9)

0.26 (±0.7)

24.3 (±4.9)

n = 22

15.7 (±6.9)

n = 16

Difference between groups, P-value

0.001⁽²⁾

0.017⁽¹⁾

0.212⁽¹⁾

0.711⁽²⁾