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Fig. 5 | BMC Medicine

Fig. 5

From: Prolonged anesthesia induces neuroinflammation and complement-mediated microglial synaptic elimination involved in neurocognitive dysfunction and anxiety-like behaviors

Fig. 5

Prolonged anesthesia enhanced microglia phagocytosis and chemotaxis and then triggered microglial synaptic engulfment resulting in synaptic loss. A Prolonged anesthesia decreased the expression of the mRNA of synaptic markers, including SYP, SYN1, and PSD95 (n = 3 per group). B Prolonged anesthesia increased the expression of the mRNA of complement markers, including C1qa and C3 (n = 3 per group). C Prolonged anesthesia increased the expression of the mRNA of the microglial phagocytosis marker (CD68) (n = 3 per group). D Prolonged anesthesia increased the expression of the microglial phagocytosis marker (CD68) at the protein level (n = 3 per group). E Immunoblotting band of CD68, C1qa, PSD95, SYN1, SYP, and β-actin (n = 3 per group). F Prolonged anesthesia increased the expression of C1qa. G–I Prolonged anesthesia decreased the expression of PSD95 (G), SYN1 (H), and SYP (I). J Prolonged anesthesia enhanced microglial phagocytosis. The iba1(green) positive microglia were colocalized with CD68 (red) in the hippocampal CA1 region. Scale bar = 10 μm. K Prolonged anesthesia increased the number of microglia-colocalized CD68 (n = 4 per group). L Prolonged anesthesia enhanced microglial synaptic engulfment. The iba1(green) positive microglia were colocalized with PSD95 (red) in the hippocampal CA1 region, and microglia engulfed PSD95 puncta. Scale bar = 10 μm. M Prolonged anesthesia enhanced microglial chemotaxis. The iba1(green) positive microglia were colocalized with CX3CR1 (red) in the hippocampal CA1 region. Scale bar = 10 μm. N Prolonged anesthesia increased the number of microglia-colocalized CX3CR1 (n = 4 per group). O Microglia engulf PSD95 puncta. Scale bar = 10 μm (upper panel) or 5 μm (bottom panel). P Prolonged anesthesia increased the number of microglia-colocalized PSD95 (n = 4 per group). Q Prolonged anesthesia induces microglia to secrete complement. Scale bar = 10 μm. R Prolonged anesthesia increased the number of microglia-colocalized C1qa (n = 4 per group). Data was shown as Mean ± SD, with *P < 0.05 or *P < 0.001; Sevo group vs. control group. Arrows represent positive cells or colocalization

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