Skip to main content

Table 2 Hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for the associations between types and sources of carbohydrates by quartiles and total CVD, IHD, and total stroke risk in 110,497 UK Biobank participants

From: Associations between types and sources of dietary carbohydrates and cardiovascular disease risk: a prospective cohort study of UK Biobank participants

Carbohydrate intakes

Hazard ratios (95% CI)

Q1

Q2

Q3

Q4

Total CVD

 Total carbohydrates

  Cases, n (%)

1049

1076

1039

1024

  HR (95% CI)

Ref

1.07 (0.98–1.17)

1.06 (0.97–1.17)

1.05 (0.95–1.16)

 Refined grain starch

  Cases, n (%)

1104

1110

1021

953

  HR (95% CI)

Ref

1.05 (0.96–1.14)

1.00 (0.92–1.10)

0.99 (0.90–1.08)

 Wholegrain starch

  Cases, n (%)

1050

1061

1028

1049

  HR (95% CI)

Ref

1.03 (0.95–1.13)

1.00 (0.91–1.09)

0.99 (0.91–1.09)

 Total sugars

  Cases, n (%)

1034

1004

1072

1078

  HR (95% CI)

Ref

0.98 (0.89–1.07)

1.04 (0.95–1.14)

1.07 (0.97–1.17)

 Free sugars

  Cases, n (%)

941

1012

1020

1215

  HR (95% CI)

Ref

1.04 (0.95–1.13)

1.00 (0.91–1.09)

1.13 (1.03–1.23)

 Non-free sugars

  Cases, n (%)

1152

1050

1003

983

  HR (95% CI)

Ref

0.95 (0.87–1.04)

0.95 (0.87–1.04)

0.96 (0.87–1.06)

 Fibre

  Cases, n (%)

1023

1043

1005

1117

  HR (95% CI)

Ref

0.99 (0.91–1.09)

0.92 (0.84–1.02)

0.94 (0.85–1.05)

IHD

 Total carbohydrates

  Cases, n (%)

773

812

788

765

  HR (95% CI)

Ref

1.10 (0.99–1.21)

1.11 (0.99–1.23)

1.08 (0.96–1.22)

 Refined grain starch

  Cases, n (%)

815

814

784

725

  HR (95% CI)

Ref

1.03 (0.93–1.14)

1.02 (0.93–1.13)

0.98 (0.88–1.09)

 Wholegrain starch

  Cases, n (%)

787

794

753

804

  HR (95% CI)

Ref

1.04 (0.94–1.15)

0.99 (0.90–1.10)

1.03 (0.93–1.15)

 Total sugars

 Cases, n (%)

774

754

828

782

  HR (95% CI)

Ref

0.99 (0.89–1.10)

1.10 (0.99–1.21)

1.07 (0.96–1.19)

 Free sugars

  Cases, n (%)

707

749

778

904

  HR (95% CI)

Ref

1.01 (0.91–1.12)

0.99 (0.89–1.10)

1.07 (0.97–1.19)

 Non-free sugars

  Cases, n (%)

882

791

746

719

  HR (95% CI)

Ref

0.96 (0.87–1.06)

0.97 (0.87–1.08)

1.00 (0.90–1.12)

 Fibre

  Cases, n (%)

759

793

752

834

  HR (95% CI)

Ref

1.02 (0.92–1.13)

0.93 (0.84–1.04)

0.94 (0.83–1.06)

Total stroke

 Total carbohydrates

  Cases, n (%)

294

285

268

277

  HR (95% CI)

Ref

1.00 (0.85–1.19)

0.95 (0.80–1.14)

0.97 (0.79–1.18)

 Refined grain starch

  Cases, n (%)

304

313

260

247

  HR (95% CI)

Ref

1.10 (0.94–1.29)

0.99 (0.83–1.17)

1.03 (0.86–1.22)

 Wholegrain starch

  Cases, n (%)

286

284

292

262

  HR (95% CI)

Ref

0.99 (0.84–1.17)

1.00 (0.84–1.18)

0.88 (0.74–1.05)

 Total sugars

  Cases, n (%)

275

270

264

315

  HR (95% CI)

Ref

0.96 (0.81–1.13)

0.91 (0.76–1.08)

1.05 (0.88–1.25)

 Free sugars

  Cases, n (%)

247

283

257

337

  HR (95% CI)

Ref

1.15 (0.97–1.36)

1.02 (0.85–1.22)

1.33 (1.12–1.58)

 Non-free sugars

  Cases, n (%)

293

277

274

280

  HR (95% CI)

Ref

0.91 (0.77–1.07)

0.87 (0.73–1.04)

0.84 (0.69–1.01)

 Fibre

  Cases, n (%)

279

274

269

302

  HR (95% CI)

Ref

0.94 (0.79–1.12)

0.89 (0.74–1.07)

0.94 (0.77–1.15)

  1. Models stratified by age at recruitment and sex, and adjusted for recruitment region, ethnicity, Townsend deprivation index, education, alcohol intake, smoking status, physical activity, menopausal status, BMI, SBP, SFA intake, and daily energy intake. Models were also adjusted for fruit and vegetable intake, excepting for models with total sugars, non-free sugars, and fibre as the exposure. Full details for each covariate are provided in the statistical analysis section in the main text
  2. Abbreviations: BMI body mass index, CI confidence interval, CVD cardiovascular disease, HR hazard ratio, Q quartile, Ref reference, SBP systolic blood pressure, SFA saturated fatty acid