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Table 1 Characteristics of the study population

From: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and diabetic retinopathy: nationwide cohort and Mendelian randomization studies

 

GLP-1 RAs

(n = 2390)

Non-GLP-1 RAs

(n = 11,729)

Standardized difference, %a

Matched variables

 Age at diabetes diagnosis (years)

52.65 (10.38)

53.30 (10.37)

6.29

 Sex, n (%)

  

0.82

  Men

1315 (55.02)

6501 (55.43)

 

  Women

1075 (44.98)

5228 (44.57)

 

 Duration of diabetes (years)

4.22 (2.82)

4.18 (2.76)

1.31

 Average daily dose before cohort entry

  Metformin (DDD)

0.555 (0.296)

0.530 (0.293)

8.45

  Sulfonylureas (DDD)

0.0537 (0.143)

0.0442 (0.124)

7.08

Unmatched variables

 Educational level, n (%)

  

13.75

  <10 years

481 (20.12)

2961 (25.25)

 

  10–12 years

1236 (51.72)

5438 (46.36)

 

  >12 years

673 (28.16)

3330 (28.39)

 

 Country of birth, n (%)

  

30.62

  Sweden

1980 (82.85)

8210 (70.00)

 

  Abroad

410 (17.15)

3519 (30.00)

 

 Medical history

   

  Hypertension

1908 (79.83)

8452 (72.06)

18.26

  Cardiovascular diseases

370 (15.48)

1741 (14.84)

1.78

  Other retinal disorders

7 (0.29)

40 (0.34)

0.86

 Average daily dose after cohort entry

  Metformin (DDD)

0.629 (0.372)

0.560 (0.350)

19.08

  Sulfonylureas (DDD)

0.0741 (0.220)

0.0831 (0.218)

4.12

  GLP-1 RAs (DDD)

0.788 (0.228)

-

-

  1. The data were expressed as mean (standard deviation) for continuous variables and numbers (percentages) for categorical variables. P-value: from the Wilcoxon rank-sum test for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variablesa
  2. The absolute value of the difference in means or proportions between the GLP-1 RAs group and the non-GLP-1 RAs control group divided by the pooled SD. Values of 10% or less indicate appropriate matching. DDD Defined daily dose