Fig. 1

Screening of FDA-approved drugs for those that inhibit cellular invasion induced by acetylated KLF5. a Schematic of the screening workflow. b Inhibitory effects of 1987 FDA-approved drugs, along with vehicle control (green dots pointed by green arrows), on the invasion of PC-3-KQ cells, as analyzed using the 3D spheroid invasion assay. Each dot represents a drug or control, and the dots are aligned along the X-axis. Y-axis indicates the average invasion area between two well for each drug. The blue horizontal line indicates the mean invasion area of all drugs and controls, while the red horizontal line indicates 50% of the mean invasion area. c Proportions of the 1987 drugs that are approved as non-oncological drugs (purple color), oncological targeted therapeutic drugs (orange color), and oncological chemotherapeutic drugs (red color). d Identification of the most effective 25 drugs by using the 3D spheroid invasion assay with multiple concentrations (μM). The heatmap shows the invasion rates (%) of each drug’s multiple concentrations when compared to the vehicle control, as indicated by blue grids with varying intensities. Names of the 25 drugs are shown at the bottom, with 6 of the most effective ones marked by red boxes. e The chemical structure of nitazoxanide