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Fig. 1 | BMC Medicine

Fig. 1

From: Water intake, hydration status and 2-year changes in cognitive performance: a prospective cohort study

Fig. 1

Hydration status, water and fluid intakes categorically with 2-year changes in global cognitive function (z-scores). Data are presented as beta-coefficients and 95% CI. Multivariable linear regression models were adjusted for baseline covariates, including baseline GCF score, age (years), sex, intervention PREDIMED-Plus randomized group, and participating center (for hydration status: ≤ 100, 100 to < 150, 150 to < 200, > 200 participants; for fluid-related exposures: ≤ 100, 100 to < 200, 200 to < 300, > 300 participants), body mass index (kg/m2), educational level (primary, secondary, or college), civil status (single, divorced or separated, married, widower), smoking habit (current, former, or never), physical activity (METs/min/day), sleep status (hours per day), depressive symptomatology (yes/no), diabetes prevalence (yes/no), hypertension (yes/no), hypercholesterolemia (yes/no), energy intake (kcal/day), alcohol consumption in g/day (and adding the quadratic term), and caffeine intake (mg/day). aHydration status refers to serum osmolarity, where dehydration, impending dehydration, and hydrated statuses were defined as SOSM > 300, 295–300, and < 295 mmol/L, respectively. bDrinking water refers to tap and bottled water intakes. cWater, all fluids refers to tap and bottled water, plus water from other beverages and fluid food sources, such as soups and smoothies. dTotal water refers to water from all fluids in addition to water present in food sources. eEFSA TFWI refers to the recommended levels of total fluid water intake for older adults at 2.0 L/day and 1.6 L/day for men and women, respectively. fEFSA TWI refers to the recommended levels of total water intake, from fluids and foods, for older adults at 2.5 L/day and 2.0 L/day for men and women, respectively. Abbreviations: EFSA, European Food Safety Authority; TFWI, total fluid water intake; TWI, total water intake; SOSM, serum osmolarity

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