Fig. 2

Results of bidirectional MR analysis between NAFLD and PCOS. a Causal effect of genetically predicted NAFLD on the risk of PCOS. MR-PRESSO analysis was not applicable to estimate the causal effect of NAFLD on fasting glucose due to the small number of genetic instruments used in the UKB GWAS. b Causal effect of genetically predicted PCOS on the risk of NAFLD. The primary MR analysis used data from NAFLD GWAS by Anstee et al. and PCOS GWAS by Day et al. The replication MR analysis used data from the UKB NAFLD GWAS and PCOS GWAS meta-analysis of data from FinnGen and EstBB. A fixed-effects meta-analysis was conducted to combine causal effect estimates derived from the primary and replication MR IVW analysis. a: A secondary IVW analysis was conducted after excluding rs2068834 due to its genome-wide significant association with obesity. b: A secondary IVW analysis was conducted after excluding rs429358 due to its genome-wide significant association with obesity. c: Outlying genetic instruments were excluded in the corrected MR-PRESSO analysis. Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; EstBB, Estonian Biobank; GWAS, genome-wide association study; IVs, instrumental variables; IVW, inverse-variance weighted; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; OR, odds ratio; PCOS, polycystic ovary syndrome; UKB, UK Biobank