Associations between an inflammatory diet index and severe non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a prospective study of 171,544 UK Biobank participants

Table 2 Associations between the E-DII categories and severe NAFLD

	Very/moderately anti-inflammatory	Neutral		Very/moderately pro-inflammatory		Trend
Incident severe NAFLD	HR (95%CI)	HR (95% CI)	p-value	HR (95% CI)	p-value	HR (95% CI)	p-value
Model 0	1.00 (Ref.)	1.11 (0.98; 1.26)	0.087	1.54 (1.33; 1.78)	< 0.001	1.24 (1.15; 1.33)	< 0.001
Model 1	1.00 (Ref.)	1.11 (0.98; 1.26)	0.097	1.49 (1.28; 1.72)	< 0.001	1.22 (1.13; 1.31)	< 0.001
Model 2	1.00 (Ref.)	1.04 (0.92; 1.18)	0.489	1.24 (1.08; 1.44)	0.003	1.11 (1.03; 1.20)	0.004
Model 3	1.00 (Ref.)	1.03 (0.91; 1.16)	0.649	1.19 (1.03; 1.38)	0.020	1.09 (1.01; 1.17)	0.024

Associations between E-DII and severe NAFLD were investigated by E-DII categories and the continuous score using Cox proportional hazard models. Individuals in the very/moderate anti-inflammatory category were used as the referent. All analyses were performed using a 2-year landmark analysis, excluding participants who experienced events within the first 2 years of follow-up and those with liver disease or alcohol/drug use disorder at baseline. Model 0 was unadjusted. Model 1 was adjusted for age, sex, deprivation and ethnicity. Model 2, as per model 1 but additionally for the components of the metabolic syndrome (central obesity, high glycaemia/diabetes, high blood pressure/hypertension, low HDL and high triglyceride) and inflammatory diseases. Model 3, as per model 2 and also for smoking and physical activity. A p-value below 0.05 was considered statistically significant

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