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Table 2 Associations between the rate of gestational weight gain at different stages of pregnancy and offspring risks of neurodevelopment disorders in the full cohort

From: Rates of maternal weight gain over the course of pregnancy and offspring risk of neurodevelopmental disorders

Extended categorya

RGWG–T2

RGWG–T3

N cases

%b

Model 1c

Model 2d

P-value

N cases

%b

Model 1c

Model 2d

P-valuee

Optimal

 Any NDDs

380

3.63

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

–

469

3.47

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

–

 Any ASD

207

1.98

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

–

253

1.87

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

–

 Any ADHDf

217

2.07

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

–

278

2.06

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

–

 Any ID

42

0.40

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

–

51

0.38

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

–

Extremely insufficient

 Any NDDs

160

4.80

1.35 (1.12–1.62)

1.16 (0.96–1.40)

0.12

165

3.61

1.05 (0.88–1.26)

0.99 (0.83–1.18)

0.91

 Any ASD

76

2.28

1.18 (0.90–1.53)

1.07 (0.82–1.39)

0.64

83

1.82

0.99 (0.77–1.27)

0.95 (0.74–1.21)

0.66

 Any ADHDf

110

3.30

1.62 (1.29–2.04)

1.35 (1.07–1.70)

0.01

107

2.34

1.16 (0.92–1.45)

1.08 (0.86–1.35)

0.52

 Any ID

23

0.69

1.76 (1.06–2.92)

1.42 (0.85– 2.39)

0.18

15

0.33

0.88 (0.49–1.56)

0.76 (0.43–1.35)

0.35

Insufficient

 Any NDDs

183

4.24

1.19 (1.00–1.42)

1.12 (0.94–1.34)

0.20

178

3.18

0.91 (0.77–1.09)

0.89 (0.75–1.06)

0.18

 Any ASD

88

2.04

1.06 (0.82–1.36)

1.02 (0.79–1.31)

0.89

91

1.63

0.87 (0.68–1.10)

0.85 (0.67–1.08)

0.17

 Any ADHDf

120

2.78

1.36 (1.09–1.70)

1.26 (1.01–1.57)

0.04

111

1.98

0.96 (0.77–1.19)

0.93 (0.75–1.16)

0.53

 Any ID

19

0.44

1.12 (0.65–1.92)

1.02 (0.59–1.75)

0.96

25

0.45

1.18 (0.73–1.90)

1.08 (0.67–1.73)

0.77

Excessive

 Any NDDs

719

3.65

0.99 (0.87–1.12)

0.98 (0.86–1.11)

0.70

677

3.57

1.02 (0.91–1.15)

0.98 (0.87–1.10)

0.69

 Any ASD

373

1.89

0.94 (0.79–1.12)

0.93 (0.78–1.10)

0.40

350

1.84

0.98 (0.84–1.16)

0.95 (0.81–1.11)

0.51

 Any ADHDf

420

2.13

1.01 (0.86–1.19)

0.99 (0.85–1.17)

0.95

398

2.10

1.01 (0.87–1.18)

0.96 (0.82–1.12)

0.62

 Any ID

97

0.49

1.22 (0.85–1.75)

1.21 (0.84–1.74)

0.31

90

0.47

1.26 (0.89–1.77)

1.19 (0.84–1.67)

0.33

Extremely excessive

 Any NDDs

763

3.81

1.03 (0.91–1.16)

0.97 (0.86–1.10)

0.65

716

4.72

1.34 (1.19–1.51)

1.17 (1.04–1.32)

0.01

 Any ASD

375

1.87

0.93 (0.78–1.10)

0.89 (0.75–1.05)

0.16

342

2.26

1.19 (1.01–1.40)

1.08 (0.91–1.27)

0.39

 Any ADHDf

486

2.43

1.14 (0.97–1.34)

1.07 (0.91–1.25)

0.43

459

3.03

1.46 (1.26–1.69)

1.23 (1.06–1.43)

0.01

 Any ID

89

0.44

1.10 (0.76–1.58)

1.06 (0.73–1.52)

0.78

89

0.59

1.56 (1.10–2.20)

1.44 (1.01–2.03)

0.04

  1. Abbreviations: RGWG rate of gestational weight gain, Ref reference, NDDs neurodevelopmental disorders, ASD autism spectrum disorder, ADHD attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, ID intellectual disability
  2. aFor normal weight women, the optimal rate of weight gain during the second and third trimesters was 0.35–0.50 kg/week, the extremely insufficient rate was < 0.27 kg/week, the insufficient rate was 0.27–< 0.35 kg/week, the excessive rate was > 0.50–0.68 kg/week, and the insufficient rate was > 0.68 kg/week. For underweight women, the optimal rate was 0.44–0.58 kg/week, the extremely insufficient rate was < 0.37 kg/week, the insufficient rate was 0.37–< 0.44kg/week, the excessive rate was > 0.58–0.72 kg/week, and the insufficient rate was > 0.72 kg/week. For overweight women, the optimal rate was 0.23–0.33 kg/week, the extremely insufficient rate was < 0.12 kg/week, the insufficient rate was 0.12–< 0.23 kg/week, the excessive rate was > 0.33–0.61 kg/week, and the insufficient rate was > 0.61 kg/week. For obese women, the optimal rate was 0.17–0.27kg/week, the extremely insufficient rate was < 0 (weight loss) kg/week, the insufficient rate was 0–< 0.17 kg/week, the excessive rate was > 0.27–0.51 kg/week, and the insufficient rate was > 0.51 kg/week
  3. bCalculated as the number of cases observed when following children from 2 years of age for a mean [SD] of 5.4 [1.1] years, divided by the number of children at risk for developing the disorder
  4. cModel 1: Cox regression model, clustered on the maternal identifier, adjusted only for birth year and child’s sex. Results are displayed as the hazard ratio (95% confidence interval)
  5. dModel 2: Cox regression model, clustered on the maternal identifier, adjusted for birth year, child’s sex, maternal age at birth, household income quintiles at birth, maternal education level, parental birth region, interpregnancy interval, maternal psychiatric history, and maternal smoking during pregnancy. Results are displayed as the hazard ratio (95% confidence interval)
  6. eP-values for model 2
  7. fAn interaction with time was observed for these categories, indicating that the HR changes over time (see Additional file 1: Fig. S4)