Table 2 A total of 30 studies were included in the meta-analysis and meta-regression following a MEDLINE (Ovid) and Google Scholar search
From: Ethnic minority representation in UK COVID-19 trials: systematic review and meta-analysis
No | Title | Authors | Year | Intervention | Total participants | Mean age | % male | Vaccine/ Therapeutic | Enrolment period |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Safety and efficacy of NVX-CoV2373 Covid-19 vaccine | Heath PT et al | 2021 | NVX-CoV2373 | 14,039 | 56 | 51.56% | Vaccine | Sep 2020—Nov 2020 |
2 | Inhaled budesonide for COVID-19 in people at high risk of complications in the community in the UK (PRINCIPLE): a randomised, controlled, open-label, adaptive platform trial | Yu LM et al | 2021 | Budesonide | 3006 | 64 | 46.57% | Therapeutic | Nov 2020–Mar 2021 |
3 | Doxycycline for community treatment of suspected COVID-19 in people at high risk of adverse outcomes in the UK: a randomised, controlled, open-label, adaptive platform trial | Butler CC et al | 2021 | Doxycycline | 1792 | 61 | 44.16% | Therapeutic | Jul 2020–Dec 2020 |
4 | Azithromycin for community treatment of suspected COVID-19 in people at increased risk of an adverse clinical course in the UK (PRINCIPLE): a randomised, controlled, open-label, adaptive platform trial | Butler CC et al | 2021 | Azithromycin | 1388 | 60.7 | 43.22% | Therapeutic | Jul–Nov 2020 |
5 | Safety and efficacy of inhaled nebulised interferon beta-1a (SNG001) for treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial | Monk PD et al | 2020 | Interferon beta-1 | 101 | 57.1 | 59.18% | Therapeutic | Mar–May 2020 |
6 | Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK | Voysey M et al | 2021 | ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) | 7548 |  | 38.69% | Vaccine | Apr–Nov 2020 |
7 | Efficacy of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern 202,012/01 (B.1.1.7): an exploratory analysis of a randomised controlled trial | Emary KRW et al | 2021 | ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) | 8534 |  | 40.65% | Vaccine | May–Nov 2020 |
8 | Lopinavir-ritonavir in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial | Horby PW et al | 2020 | Lopinavir-ritonavir | 5040 | 66.3 | 61.05% | Therapeutic | Mar–Jun 2020 |
9 | Inhaled budesonide in the treatment of early COVID-19 (STOIC): a phase 2, open-label, randomised controlled trial | Ramakrishnan S et al | 2021 | Budesonide | 139 | 45 | 42.45% | Therapeutic | Jul–Dec 2020 |
10 | Convalescent plasma in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised controlled, open-label, platform trial | RECOVERY collaborative | 2021 | Convalescent plasma | 11,558 | 63.5 | 64.28% | Therapeutic | May 2020–Jan 2021 |
11 | Tocilizumab in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial | RECOVERY collaborative | 2021 | Tocilizumab | 4116 | 63.6 | 67.40% | Therapeutic | Apr 2020–Jan 2021 |
12 | Human safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of molnupiravir, a novel broad-spectrum oral antiviral agent with activity against SARS-CoV-2 | Painter WP et al | 2021 | Molnupiravir | 130 | 38.7 | 83.85% | Therapeutic | Â |
13 | Azithromycin in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial | RECOVERY collaborative | 2021 | Azithromycin | 7763 | 65.2 | 62.08% | Therapeutic | Apr–Nov 2020 |
14 | Single-dose administration and the influence of the timing of the booster dose on immunogenicity and efficacy of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine: a pooled analysis of four randomised trials | Voysey M et al | 2021 | ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) | 8948 |  | 40.87% | Vaccine | Apr–Dec 2020 |
15 | Safety and immunogenicity of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine administered in a prime-boost regimen in young and old adults (COV002): a single-blind, randomised, controlled, phase 2/3 trial | Ramasamy MN et al | 2020 | ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (COV002) | 552 | 60.5 | 50.18% | Vaccine | May–Aug 2020 |
16 | Safety and immunogenicity of the ChadOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: a preliminary report of a phase 1/2, single-blind, randomised controlled trial | Folegatti PM et al | 2020 | ChadOx1 nCoV-19 | 1077 | 35 | 50.23% | Vaccine | Apr–May 2020 |
17 | Dexamethasone in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19 | RECOVERY collaborative | 2021 | Dexamethasone | 6425 | 66.1 | 63.37% | Therapeutic | Mar–June 2020 |
18 | Effect of Hydroxychloroquine in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: Preliminary results from a multi-centre, randomized, controlled trial | RECOVERY collaborative | 2020 | Hydroxychloro- quine | 4716 | 65.4 | 62.21% | Therapeutic | Mar–June 2020 |
19 | Effect of noninvasive respiratory strategies on intubation or mortality among patients with acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure and COVID-19: The RECOVERY-RS randomized clinical trial | Perkins G et al | 2022 | Non-invasive ventilatory strategies | 1273 | 56.7 | 66.30% | Therapeutic | Apr 2020–May 2021 |
20 | An online breathing and wellbeing programme (ENO Breathe) for people with persistent symptoms following COVID-19: a parallel group, single blind, randomised controlled trial | Philip KEJ et al | 2022 | Online breathing and wellbeing programme | 150 | 49.5 | 17.69% | Therapeutic | Apr–May 2021 |
21 | Colchicine for Covid-19 in the community (PRINCIPLE): a randomised, controlled, adaptive platform trial | Dorward J et al | 2022 | Colchicine | 1381 | 61 |  | Therapeutic | Mar–May 2021 |
22 | Inspiratory muscle training enhances recovery post COVID-19: a randomised clinical trial | McNarry MA et al | 2022 | Inspiratory muscles | 148 | 46 | 11.49% | Therapeutic | Â |
23 | Casirivimab and imdevimab in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled open-label, platform trial | RECOVERY collaborative | 2022 | Casirivimab and imdevimab | 9785 |  | 62.63% | Therapeutic | Sep 2020–May 2021 |
24 | Namilumab or inflixmab compared with standard of care in hospitalised patients with COVID-19 (CATALYST): a randomised, multicentre, multi-arm, multistage, open-label, adaptive, phase 2, proof of concept trial | Fisher BA et al | 2022 | Namilumab or inflixmab | 146 | 58.4 | 61.64% | Therapeutic | Jun 2020–Feb 2021 |
25 | Immunogenicity, safety, and reactogenicity of heterologous COVID-19 primary vaccination incorporating mRNA, viral-vector and protein-adjuvant vaccines in the UK (Com-COV2): a single blind, randomised, phase 2, non-inferiority trial | Stuart ASV et al | 2022 | mRNA, viral-vector and protein-adjuvant vaccines | 532 | 62 | 39.47% | Vaccine | Apr–May 2021 |
26 | Safety and immunogenicity of seven COVID-19 vaccines as a third dose (booster) following two doses of ChAdOx1 nCov-19 or BNT162b2 in the UK (COV-BOOST): a blinded, multicentre, randomised, controlled, phase 2 trial | Munro APS et al | 2021 | ChAdOx1 nCov-19 or BNT162b2 | 2883 | Â | 49.84% | Vaccine | Jun 2021 |
27 | Safety and immunogenicity of heterologous versus homologous prime-boost schedules with adenoviral vectored and mRNA COVID-19 vaccine (Com-COV): a single-blind, randomised, non-inferiority trial | Liu X et al | 2021 | heterologous v homologous prime-boost with adenoviral vectored and mRNA COVID-19 vaccine | 463 | 57.8 | 54.21% | Vaccine | Feb 2021 |
28 | Azithromycin versus standard care in patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 (ATOMIC2): an open-label, randomised trial | Hinks TSC et al | 2021 | Azithromycin | 295 | 45.9 | 51.53% | Therapeutic | Jun 2020–Jan 2021 |
29 | Favipiravir, lopinavir-ritonavir or combination therapy (FLARE): a randomised, double blind, 2 × 2 factorial placebo-controlled trial of early antiviral therapy in COVID-19 | Lowe DM et al | 2022 | Favipiravir, lopinavir-ritonavir or combination therapy | 240 | 40 | 51.25% | Therapeutic | Oct 2020–Nov 2021 |
30 | Aspirin in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial | RECOVERY collaborative | 2022 | Aspirin | 14,892 | 59.2 | 61.78% | Therapeutic | Nov 2020–Mar 2021 |