Fig. 1

Pearson partial correlations of 328 lipid metabolites with HSI in Manhattan plot and volcano plot (n=948). A Manhattan plot showed associations of HSI with 328 lipid metabolites according to lipid classes/subclasses. B Volcano plot showed associations of HSI with lipid metabolites according to the significance and partial correlation coefficients. The horizontal dotted line represented the significance threshold (FDR-adjusted P =0.05). The scatter denoted the up-regulated (red) or down-regulated (green) lipids for correlations with HSI. Partial correlations were adjusted for maternal age, gestational age, and GDM status. Abbreviations: GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; HSI, hepatic steatosis index; BMP, Bis(monoacylglycerol)phosphate; CE, Cholesterol ester; Cer, Ceramide; COH, free cholesterol; DG, Diacylglyceride; DHC, Dihexosyl ceramide; FDR, false discovery rate; LPC, Lysophosphatidylcholine; LPC(O), Lyso alkylphosphatidylcholine; LPE, Lyso phosphatidylethanolamine; MHC, Mono hexosyl ceramide; PC, Phosphatidylcholine; PC(O), Alkylphosphatidylcholine; PC(P), Phosphatidylcholine plasmalogen; PE, Phosphatidylethanolamine; PE(O), Alkylphosphatidylethanolamine; PE(P), Phosphatidylethanolamine plasmalogen; PG, Phosphatidylglycerol; PI, Phosphatidylinositol; PS, Phosphatidylserine; SM, Sphingomyelin; TG, Triacylglycerol