Characteristic | Overall (n=6860) | GDM (n=492) | No-GDM (n=6368) | P value a |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 26.0 (24.0-29.0) | 28.0 (25.0-31.0) | 26.0 (24.0-29.0) | <.001 |
Gestational age, weeks | 10.0 (9.0-12.0) | 10.0 (9.0-12.0) | 10.0 (9.0-12.0) | 0.76 |
Parity, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.06 |
 0 | 3802 (55.4) | 253 (51.4) | 3549 (55.7) |  |
 ≥1 | 3058 (44.6) | 239 (48.6) | 2819 (44.3) |  |
Family history of diabetes, n (%) | 347 (5.1) | 50 (10.2) | 297 (4.7) | <.001 |
History of GDM, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | <.001 |
 Yes b | 82 (1.2) | 34 (6.9) | 48 (0.8) |  |
 No | 6778 (98.8) | 458 (93.1) | 6320 (99.3) |  |
Tobacco use, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.15 |
 Current or Former | 464 (6.8) | 41 (8.3) | 423 (6.6) |  |
 Never | 6396 (93.2) | 451 (91.7) | 5945 (93.4) |  |
Alcohol use, n (%) c | Â | Â | Â | 0.61 |
 Current or Former | 1417 (20.7) | 106 (21.5) | 1311 (20.6) |  |
 Never | 5443 (79.3) | 386 (78.5) | 5057 (79.4) |  |
Total physical activity, MET-h/week | 121.2 (74.1-175.4) | 116.3 (67.0-171.0) | 121.5 (74.4-175.6) | 0.07 |
Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | 20.5 (19.0-22.5) | 21.8 (19.9-24.1) | 20.4 (18.9-22.3) | <.001 |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 108.0 (102.0-114.5) | 110.5 (105.0-118.5) | 108.0 (102.0-114.0) | <.001 |
Fasting plasma glucose, mmol/L | 4.4 (4.1-4.6) | 4.5 (4.2-4.9) | 4.4 (4.1-4.6) | <.001 |
OGTT at second trimesterd | ||||
 Fasting glucose, mmol/L | 3.9 (3.7-4.2) | 4.3 (4.0-4.7) | 3.9 (3.7-4.1) | <.001 |
 1-hour glucose, mmol/L | 6.8 (5.7-7.9) | 10.1 (9.1-10.7) | 6.6 (5.6-7.6) | <.001 |
 2-hour glucose, mmol/L | 5.9 (5.2-6.8) | 8.6 (7.5-9.3) | 5.8 (5.1-6.6) | <.001 |
ALT, U/L | 16.0 (12.0-24.0) | 19.0 (14.0-29.0) | 16.0 (12.0-24.0) | <.001 |
AST, U/L | 18.0 (16.0-22.0) | 19.0 (16.0-23.0) | 18.0 (16.0-22.0) | <.001 |
GGT, U/L | 13.0 (10.0-19.0) | 16.0 (12.0-24.0) | 13.0 (10.0-18.0) | <.001 |
ALP, U/L | 46.0 (40.0-54.0) | 49.0 (41.0-58.0) | 46.0 (40.0-54.0) | <.001 |
HSI | 30.0 (27.5-33.5) | 32.3 (29.0-36.0) | 29.9 (27.4-33.2) | <.001 |
HSI >36, n (%) | 952 (13.9) | 123 (25.0) | 829 (13.0) | <.001 |