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Table 1 Characteristics of participants by GDM status

From: Liver biomarkers, lipid metabolites, and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus in a prospective study among Chinese pregnant women

Characteristic

Overall (n=6860)

GDM (n=492)

No-GDM (n=6368)

P value a

Age, years

26.0 (24.0-29.0)

28.0 (25.0-31.0)

26.0 (24.0-29.0)

<.001

Gestational age, weeks

10.0 (9.0-12.0)

10.0 (9.0-12.0)

10.0 (9.0-12.0)

0.76

Parity, n (%)

   

0.06

 0

3802 (55.4)

253 (51.4)

3549 (55.7)

 

 ≥1

3058 (44.6)

239 (48.6)

2819 (44.3)

 

Family history of diabetes, n (%)

347 (5.1)

50 (10.2)

297 (4.7)

<.001

History of GDM, n (%)

   

<.001

 Yes b

82 (1.2)

34 (6.9)

48 (0.8)

 

 No

6778 (98.8)

458 (93.1)

6320 (99.3)

 

Tobacco use, n (%)

   

0.15

 Current or Former

464 (6.8)

41 (8.3)

423 (6.6)

 

 Never

6396 (93.2)

451 (91.7)

5945 (93.4)

 

Alcohol use, n (%) c

   

0.61

 Current or Former

1417 (20.7)

106 (21.5)

1311 (20.6)

 

 Never

5443 (79.3)

386 (78.5)

5057 (79.4)

 

Total physical activity, MET-h/week

121.2 (74.1-175.4)

116.3 (67.0-171.0)

121.5 (74.4-175.6)

0.07

Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2

20.5 (19.0-22.5)

21.8 (19.9-24.1)

20.4 (18.9-22.3)

<.001

Systolic blood pressure, mmHg

108.0 (102.0-114.5)

110.5 (105.0-118.5)

108.0 (102.0-114.0)

<.001

Fasting plasma glucose, mmol/L

4.4 (4.1-4.6)

4.5 (4.2-4.9)

4.4 (4.1-4.6)

<.001

OGTT at second trimesterd

 Fasting glucose, mmol/L

3.9 (3.7-4.2)

4.3 (4.0-4.7)

3.9 (3.7-4.1)

<.001

 1-hour glucose, mmol/L

6.8 (5.7-7.9)

10.1 (9.1-10.7)

6.6 (5.6-7.6)

<.001

 2-hour glucose, mmol/L

5.9 (5.2-6.8)

8.6 (7.5-9.3)

5.8 (5.1-6.6)

<.001

ALT, U/L

16.0 (12.0-24.0)

19.0 (14.0-29.0)

16.0 (12.0-24.0)

<.001

AST, U/L

18.0 (16.0-22.0)

19.0 (16.0-23.0)

18.0 (16.0-22.0)

<.001

GGT, U/L

13.0 (10.0-19.0)

16.0 (12.0-24.0)

13.0 (10.0-18.0)

<.001

ALP, U/L

46.0 (40.0-54.0)

49.0 (41.0-58.0)

46.0 (40.0-54.0)

<.001

HSI

30.0 (27.5-33.5)

32.3 (29.0-36.0)

29.9 (27.4-33.2)

<.001

HSI >36, n (%)

952 (13.9)

123 (25.0)

829 (13.0)

<.001

  1. Data are shown as median (interquartile range) for continuous variables, and n (%) for categorical variables
  2. aP values were calculated by Wilcoxon rank-sum test for continuous variables and Chi-square test for categorical variables. b Of 3058 women who were multiparous, 2.6% (78/3058) had a history of GDM: 14.2% (34/239) in the GDM group and 1.6% (44/2819) in the non-GDM group. c We combined the current and former drinkers because only 21 participants were current drinkers. d A total of 275, 322, and 324 participants lacked data on OGTT fasting glucose, 1-hour glucose, and 2-hour glucose during 24-28 weeks of pregnancy, respectively
  3. ALP Alkaline phosphatase, ALT Alanine transaminase, AST Aspartate aminotransferase, BMI Body mass index, GDM Gestational diabetes mellitus, GGT Gamma-glutamyltransferase, HSI Hepatic steatosis index, OGTT Oral glucose tolerance test