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Table 2 Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the associations of liver biomarkers in early pregnancy with risk of GDM

From: Liver biomarkers, lipid metabolites, and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus in a prospective study among Chinese pregnant women

Variables

 

Quartiles of liver biomarkers

P-trend a

Per SD increment on the log scale

P for SD increment analysis a

Quartile 1

Quartile 2

Quartile 3

Quartile 4

ALT, U/L

 Case/total (%)

92/2016 (4.6)

94/1487 (6.3)

135/1690 (8.0)

171/1667 (10.3)

   

 Crude model

1.00 (reference)

1.41 (1.05, 1.90)

1.82 (1.38, 2.39)

2.39 (1.84, 3.11)

<.001

1.30 (1.19, 1.41)

<.001

 Model 1

1.00 (reference)

1.29 (0.95, 1.75)

1.60 (1.21, 2.12)

1.79 (1.36, 2.36)

<.001

1.17 (1.07, 1.28)

0.001

 Model 2

1.00 (reference)

1.25 (0.92, 1.70)

1.54 (1.16, 2.04)

1.71 (1.29, 2.26)

<.001

1.15 (1.05, 1.26)

0.006

AST, U/L

 Case/total (%)

125/2324 (5.4)

101/1379 (7.3)

129/1643 (7.9)

137/1514 (9.1)

   

 Crude model

1.00 (reference)

1.39 (1.06, 1.82)

1.50 (1.16, 1.93)

1.75 (1.36, 2.25)

<.001

1.16 (1.07, 1.27)

<.001

 Model 1

1.00 (reference)

1.44 (1.09, 1.90)

1.48 (1.14, 1.93)

1.55 (1.19, 2.02)

0.005

1.10 (1.01, 1.20)

0.04

 Model 2

1.00 (reference)

1.46 (1.10, 1.93)

1.50 (1.15, 1.96)

1.56 (1.19, 2.04)

0.005

1.10 (1.01, 1.20)

0.04

GGT, U/L

 Case/total (%)

96/1779 (5.4)

90/1746 (5.2)

133/1754 (7.6)

173/1581 (10.9)

   

 Crude model

1.00 (reference)

0.95 (0.71, 1.28)

1.44 (1.10, 1.89)

2.15 (1.66, 2.79)

<.001

1.39 (1.28, 1.51)

<.001

 Model 1

1.00 (reference)

0.89 (0.66, 1.20)

1.27 (0.96, 1.68)

1.64 (1.24, 2.16)

<.001

1.25 (1.14, 1.37)

<.001

 Model 2

1.00 (reference)

0.85 (0.62, 1.15)

1.26 (0.95, 1.67)

1.53 (1.15, 2.03)

<.001

1.21 (1.10, 1.32)

<.001

ALP, U/L

 Case/total (%)

110/1884 (5.8)

94/1563 (6.0)

131/1726 (7.6)

157/1687 (9.3)

   

 Crude model

1.00 (reference)

1.03 (0.78, 1.37)

1.32 (1.02, 1.72)

1.65 (1.28, 2.13)

<.001

1.22 (1.11, 1.33)

<.001

 Model 1

1.00 (reference)

1.01 (0.75, 1.35)

1.30 (0.99, 1.70)

1.51 (1.16, 1.98)

<.001

1.18 (1.07, 1.30)

0.001

 Model 2

1.00 (reference)

0.98 (0.73, 1.31)

1.22 (0.93, 1.60)

1.42 (1.09, 1.86)

0.004

1.15 (1.04, 1.27)

0.007

HSI b

 Case/total (%)

66/1715 (3.9)

94/1715 (5.5)

124/1715 (7.2)

208/1715 (12.1)

   

 Crude model

1.00 (reference)

1.45 (1.05, 2.00)

1.95 (1.43, 2.65)

3.45 (2.59, 4.59)

<.001

1.54 (1.42, 1.68)

<.001

 Model 1

1.00 (reference)

1.36 (0.96, 1.93)

1.74 (1.23, 2.47)

2.51 (1.74, 3.63)

<.001

1.41 (1.25, 1.60)

<.001

 Model 2

1.00 (reference)

1.31 (0.92, 1.86)

1.63 (1.14, 2.33)

2.24 (1.54, 3.25)

<.001

1.33 (1.18, 1.51)

<.001

  1. Model 1 was adjusted for maternal age, gestational age, parity, family history of diabetes, history of GDM, pre-pregnancy BMI, smoking status, alcohol drinking status, and physical activity. Model 2 was additionally adjusted for systolic blood pressure and fasting blood glucose based on Model 1. a P values were corrected for multiple testing for each stepwise modeling using Benjamini–Hochberg false discovery rate method. b Pre-pregnancy BMI was treated as a categorical variable (<18.5, 18.5-24.0, and ≥24.0 kg/m2) for adjustment in the modeling to avoid multicollinearity
  2. ALP Alkaline phosphatase, ALT Alanine transaminase, AST Aspartate aminotransferase, BMI Body mass index, GDM Gestational diabetes mellitus, GGT Gamma-glutamyltransferase, HSI Hepatic steatosis index, SD Standard deviation
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